The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects
Overview
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Different symbols correspond to distinct RI changes that can be read using Zernike phase-contrast microscopy33 (Extended Data Fig. 3; see section ‘Phase read’).”
From Laser writing in glass for dense, fast and efficient archival data storage (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
XV. On the theory of optical images, with special reference to the microscope
Rayleigh (1896) · The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science · doi:10.1080/14786449608620902 · Cited by 371
Diffraction Theory of the Knife-Edge Test and its Improved Form, The Phase-Contrast Method
Zernike, F., & Stratton, F. J. M. (1934) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/94.5.377 · Cited by 358
Self-citationDie Darstellung von Chromosomen mittels des Phasenkontrastverfahrens
Michel, K. (1941) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01476461 · Cited by 28
Optische Studien nach der Methode der Schlierenbeobachtung
Töpler, A. (1867) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.18672070603 · Cited by 26
Das Phasenkontrastverfahren Nach Zernike als Biologisches Forschungs-Mittel
Loos, W. (1941) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02327345 · Cited by 19
The Spierer Lens and what it reveals in Cellulose and Protoplasm
Seijriz, W. (1931) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j150319a010 · Cited by 10
Spierer Lens and Colloidal Structure
Seifriz, W. (1936) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ie50313a034 · Cited by 9
Microscopy of Starch by the Spiere Lens
Woodruff, S. (1938) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ie50348a013 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- F. Zernike, Ned. T. Natuurk. (in the press).
- Abbe, 1873, Arch. mikrosk. Anat., 9, 431
- Abbe, 1873, Ges. Abband. I, 45, 273
- Spierer, 1926, Arch. sc. phys. nat., 8, 121
- Zernike, 1937, Physik. Z., 38, 994
Cited by
Marquet, P., Rappaz, B., Magistretti, P. J., Cuche, E., Emery, Y., Colomb, T., & Depeursinge, C. (2005) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.30.000468 · Cited by 1,254
Orbital Angular Momentum Holography for High-Security Encryption
Fang, X., Ren, H., & Gu, M. (2020) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0560-x · Cited by 894
Laser writing in glass for dense, fast and efficient archival data storage
Microsoft Research Project Silica Team, Allison, J., Anderson, P., Aranas, E., Assaf, Y., Black, R., Caballero, M., Canakci, B., Chattaway, J. A., Chatzieleftheriou, A., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10042-w · Cited by 25
Practical application of microsphere samples for benchmarking a quantitative phase imaging system
Kwee, E., Peterson, A., Halter, M., & Elliott, J. (2021) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24291 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Zernike, F.
- Corresponding author
- Zernike, F.
- Venue
- Physica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1942-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 686-698
- ISSN
- 0031-8914 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980774072
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Physica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Digital Holography and Microscopy
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Optical measurement and interference techniques
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced optical system design
- Keywords
- phase contrast microscopy, phase gratings, transparent objects, diffraction theory, schlieren method, refractive index difference, diffraction halo
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0031-8914(42)80035-x
- The paper
- Zernike, F. (1942). Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects. Physica. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-8914(42)80035-x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
