Cited by 218Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

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Anxiogenic effect of subclinical bacterial infection in mice in the absence of overt immune activation

Lyte, Mark, Varcoe, Jeffrey J., Bailey, Michael T.·1998·Physiology & Behavior

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Abstract

Challenge of animals with infectious microorganisms is well documented to affect a number of behavioral measures through activation of immune-neural mechanisms. In the present study, the ability of an infectious microorganism to directly alter behavioral responses in the absence of an overt immunologic response was examined. Eight-week-old CF-1 male mice were infected orally with the Gram-negative pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in order to establish a subclinical infection that did not result in immune activation. Microbiological examination of cecal contents revealed the presence of C. jejuni in all infected, but not control, animals 1 and 2 days post-oral challenge. Measurement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and peripheral blood leukocyte populations did not reveal the activation of an overt immune response in 1 or 2 day infected animals as compared to controls. Infected mice demonstrated altered levels of anxiety-like behaviors on the elevated plus-maze as compared to controls on Day 2, but not Day 1, as reflected by a significant decrease in exploratory and an increase in nonexploratory behaviors. The anxiogenic effect of a subclinical infection in the absence of an overt immunologic response suggests that the direct activation of neural pathways by microorganisms may play a role in behavior.

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Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.83 · Cited by 1,130

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“…for example, graduate students some of whom later became collaborators in the examination of microbial endocrinology in the microbiota-gut-brain axis (Galley et al. 2014 ; Lyte et al. 1998 ), others ended often after running their natural course while others came to a more acrimonious ending.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Behavioral and hormonal changes associated with the infective dose in experimental taeniasis in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).
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“It was performed in an elevated plus-maze, the device was constructed with twowooden corridors of 45 cm long 9 cmwide, intersected in half perpendicularly, and with walls of 38 cm in height mounted on supports at a height of 34 cm from the floor (Lyte et al., 1998; Moise et al., 2008).”
Method
Revisiting geophagy: An evolved sickness behavior to microbiome‐mediated gastrointestinal inflammation
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“72 The effects of commensal proinflammatory bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, on the vagus nerve are not well ‐ characterized; however there is a well ‐ established relationship between gut cytokines and vagus nerve function.”
Background
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Suchodolski, J. S. (2020) · Advances in Small Animal Care · doi:10.1016/j.yasa.2020.07.008 · Cited by 3
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“Studies in mice have shown that C. jejuni infection induces anxiety-like behavior even in the absence of overt gastrointestinal illness (Lyte et al., 1998).”
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“…that redundant overlapping neuronal processes emerged through evolution to enhance survival responses as a reasonable teleologic interpretation to explain these observations (Goehler et al., 2005; Lyte et al., 1998; Bravo et al., 2011; Sgritta et al., 2019; Bercik et al., 2011; Han et al., 2022).”
The relationship of depression, gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: A negative cycle
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“Research on mice has demonstrated that intestinal infections or chemically induced colitis can lead to behaviors typically associated with anxiety, such as reduced exploration (Lyte et al ., 2006) and significant behavioral inhibition (Bercik et al ., 2010; Lyte et al ., 1998).”
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“accompanied by variations in biological parameters including action on mediators of systemic stress ([21]).”
Background
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Cooper, S., Mathews, R., Bushar, L., Paddock, B., Wood, J., & Tammara, R. (2019) · HAPS Educator · doi:10.21692/haps.2019.020 · Cited by 1
“The first methods of DNA sequencing involved chemical cleavage and electrophoresis (Maxam and Gilbert 1977) or primer directed synthesis and chain termination (Sanger et al. 1977).”
Method
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Background
The gut–brain–mitochondria axis in heat-stressed poultry: Mechanisms and implications for health and productivity
Oke, O. E., Eletu, T. A., Uyanga, V. A., & Onagbesan, O. M. (2026) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2027-0015
“Approximately 80% of vagal ﬁ bres are a ﬀ erent, transmitting sensory information from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, including signals derived from microbial metabolites, in ﬂ ammatory mediators, and gut hormones (Lyte et al., 1998).”
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“jejuni increased anxiety-like behavioral measure in the EPM two days after infection [303].”
Background
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Authors: Lyte, M., Varcoe, J. J., & Bailey, M. T.
Affiliations: Minnesota State University, Mankato (US)
Corresponding author: Lyte, Mark
ORCID: Lyte, Mark
Bailey, Michael T.
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-08
Volume: 65
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-68
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00145-0
OpenAlex: W2012109410
Cited by: 218
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 0.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k02mh001371-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50431, MH01371, R01MH050431)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, anxiety-like behavior, anxiogenic effects, neuroimmune interactions, interleukin-6, peripheral blood leukocytes, elevated plus maze, exploratory behavior, oral infection, Gram-negative bacteria
MeSH terms: Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Campylobacter Infections, Leukocyte Count, Male, Interleukin-6, Campylobacter jejuni, Lymphocyte Count, Mice, Rats

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Anxiogenic effect of subclinical bacterial infection in mice in the absence of overt immune activation

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