Measuring and modelling the photopic flicker sensitivity of the chicken (Gallus g. domesticus)
Open accessAbstract
The photopic flicker sensitivity of the chicken was determined using an operant conditioning psychophysical technique. The results show both high- and low-frequency fall-off in the sensitivity response, which peaked around 15 Hz. Flicker sensitivity was determined for a range of stimulus luminance levels, and directly compared to human flicker response measured under similar stimulus conditions. At five luminance levels (10, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 cd/m(2)), the overall chicken flicker sensitivity was found to be considerably lower than for humans, except at high frequencies. A greater degree of frequency tuning was also found in the chicken response. The critical flicker fusion values were either similar or slightly higher for chickens compared to humans (40.8, 50.4, 53.3, 58.2 and 57.4 Hz vs 39.2, 54.0, 54.0, 57.4 and 71.5 Hz respectively for humans and chickens for increasing stimulus luminance level). A recently proposed model for flicker sensitivity [Vision Research 39 (1999) 533], which incorporates low- and high-pass temporal filters in cascade, was found to be applicable to the chicken response. From this model, deductions were made concerning mechanisms controlling the transfer of temporal information.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two Hz is well within the range of flicker sensitivity for chicks.
“Two Hz is well within the range of flicker sensitivity for chicks (Jarvis, Taylor, Prescott, Meeks, & Wathes, 2002).”
From Chicks use changes in luminance and chromatic contrast as indicators of the sign of defocus (2012) · cites this paper as Jarvis, Taylor, Prescott, Meeks, & Wathes, 2002
The Experimental method (§2.3) tested flicker sensitivity in chickens at 1 and 5 Hz, placing 2 Hz within the tested frequency range, though 2 Hz itself was not measured. The Subjects section (§2.1) identifies the birds as eight-month-old mature laying hens, not chicks, so the claim's age-specific wording is not established by this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Responses of retinal rods to single photons.
Baylor, D. A., Lamb, T. D., & Yau, K. W. (1979) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012716 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Baylor, D. A., & Hodgkin, A. L. (1974). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology, 242, 729-758.
- De Lange, H. (1958). Research into the dynamic nature of the human fovea cortex system with intermittent and modulated light. I. Attenuation characteristics with white and coloured light. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 777-784.
- Enroth-Cugell, C., Lennie, P., & Shapley, R. M. (1975). Surround contribution to light adaptation in cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 247, 579-588.
- Holst, G. C. (1996). CCD arrays, cameras and displays. Washington: SPIE Optical Engineering Press.
- Ikeda, H., & Wright, M. J. (1972). Receptive field organisation of 'sustained' and 'transient' retinal ganglion cells which sub- serve different functional roles. Journal of Physiology, 227, 769-800.
- Jacobs, G. H., Blakeslee, B., McCourt, M. E., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1980). Visual sensitivity of ground squirrels to spatial and temporal luminance variations. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 136, 291-298.
- Jarvis, J. R. (1997). Modelling the image quality of colour negative films with extended dye cloud diffusion. Journal of Photographic Science, 45, 8-14.
- Kaplan, E., Marcus, S., & So, Y. T. (1979). Effects of dark adaptation on spatial and temporal properties of receptive fields in cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology, 294, 561-580.
- Kelly, D. H. (1961). Visual Responses to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 422-429.
- Kelly, D. H. (1971a). Theory of flicker and transient responses 1: uniform fields. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 537-546.
- Kelly, D. H. (1971b). Theory of flicker and transient responses 2: counterphase gratings. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 632-640.
- Schnapf, J. L, Nunn, B. J, Meister, M., & Baylor, D. A. (1990). Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca Fascularis. Journal of Physiology, 427, 681-713.
- Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1958). Definitions of d 0 and g as psychophysical measures. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 49, 922-928.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia
Troilo, D., Smith, E. L., Nickla, D. L., Ashby, R., Tkatchenko, A. V., Ostrin, L. A., Gawne, T. J., Pardue, M. T., Summers, J. A., Kee, C.-S., et al. (2019) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25967 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Chicks use changes in luminance and chromatic contrast as indicators of the sign of defocus
Rucker, F. J., & Wallman, J. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.6.23 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jarvis, J. R., Taylor, N. R., Prescott, N. B., Meeks, I., & Wathes, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Silsoe Research Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Prescott, Neville B
- Venue
- Vision Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-106
- ISSN
- 0042-6989 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091116023
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vision Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Keywords
- chickens, critical flicker frequency, frequency tuning, luminance dependence, temporal filtering, low-pass and high-pass filters, avian visual system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Chickens, Conditioning, Operant, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Flicker Fusion, Humans, Lighting, Male, Models, Biological, Psychophysics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
