IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia

Troilo, David; Smith, Earl L.; Nickla, Debora L.; Ashby, Regan; Tkatchenko, Andrei V.; Ostrin, Lisa A.; Gawne, Timothy J.; Pardue, Machelle T.; Summers, Jody A.; Kee, Chea-su; Schroedl, Falk; Wahl, Siegfried; Jones, Lyndon

doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25967

Cited by 487Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment StudiesErgonomics and Musculoskeletal DisordersOcular Disorders and Treatments

IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia

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Troilo, David, Smith, Earl L., Nickla, Debora L., Ashby, Regan, Tkatchenko, Andrei V., Ostrin, Lisa A., Gawne, Timothy J., Pardue, Machelle T. +5 more·2019·Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science

DOI 10.1167/iovs.18-25967PMC PMC6738517

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Abstract

The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia.This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia.These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia.Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models.These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state.Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans.Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.

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Recent reviews shed light on the complex interaction and the interdependence of the disruption of circadian rhythm on the onset and progression of myopia.
“Recent reviews shed light on this complex interaction and the interdependence of the disruption of circadian rhythm on the onset and progression of myopia 112, 113.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
Section 4.1 reviews links between ocular rhythms, eye growth, and experimental myopia, including a correlation between growth rate and the phase difference between rhythms. But it says recent evidence has weakened the proposed causal link; it does not establish that circadian-rhythm disruption drives myopia onset or progression. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Evidence is rising that circadian rhythm and both the irradiance dosis and the spectral irradiance of light impact eye growth, or emmetropization.
“Evidence is also rising that circadian rhythm and both, the irradiance dosis and the spectral irradiance of light, impact eye growth, or emmetropization.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [113]

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Authors: Troilo, D., Smith, E. L., Nickla, D. L., Ashby, R., Tkatchenko, A. V., Ostrin, L. A., Gawne, T. J., Pardue, M. T., Summers, J. A., Kee, C.-S., Schroedl, F., Wahl, S., & Jones, L.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
New England College of Optometry (US)
University of Canberra (AU)
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
University of Houston (US)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
University of Oklahoma (US)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
Paracelsus Medical University (AT)
University of Tübingen (DE)
University of Waterloo (CA)
Corresponding author: Troilo, David
ORCID: Nickla, Debora L.
Ashby, Regan
Tkatchenko, Andrei V.
Ostrin, Lisa A.
Gawne, Timothy J.
Pardue, Machelle T.
Summers, Jody A.
Kee, Chea-su
Schroedl, Falk
Wahl, Siegfried
Jones, Lyndon
Venue: Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
Publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
Published: 2019-02-28
Volume: 60
Issue: 3
Pages: M31
ISSN: 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
1552-5783
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967
PMC: PMC6738517
OpenAlex: W2920216425
Cited by: 487
References: 814
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23
FWCI: 6.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK6-RX003134)
National Eye Institute (R01EY009391, P30EY019007, R01EY023839, R01EY003611, P30EY007551, R01EY016435)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Ocular Disorders and Treatments
Keywords: emmetropization, myopia, experimental model, myopia progression, eye growth
MeSH terms: Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Myopia, Internationality, Axial Length, Eye, Emmetropia

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