The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
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In the citing paper
“and can be produced by confounding (that is, by another factor that affects both the outcome and exposure)1 2 3”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“However, such associations reported in epidemiological studies are often not reliable estimates of causal effects”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“or by other forms of bias.”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882
Self-citation(1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199404143301501 · Cited by 4,737
Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M., Rosner, B., Cook, N. R., Belanger, C., LaMotte, F., Gaziano, J. M., Ridker, P. M., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199605023341801 · Cited by 2,397
Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282004 · Cited by 2,345
Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women
Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282003 · Cited by 2,085
Roncaglioni, M. C. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03539-x · Cited by 993
Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of biases.
Greenland, S. (1996) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/25.6.1107 · Cited by 605
Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., Welch, A. A., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., Oakes, S., & Day, N. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04128-3 · Cited by 576
Is the Oxidative Modification Hypothesis Relevant to Human Atherosclerosis?
Steinberg, D. H., & Witztum, J. L. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000014762.06201.06 · Cited by 473
Phillips, A. N., & Smith, G. D. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90155-3 · Cited by 275
Self-citationNyyssonen, K., Parviainen, M. T., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J. O., & Salonen, J. T. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7081.634 · Cited by 254
Holick, C. N. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf072 · Cited by 240
Lawlor, D. A., Ebrahim, S., & Smith, G. D. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0887-5 · Cited by 214
Self-citationCommentary: Can adult anthropometry be used as a ‘biomarker’ for prenatal and childhood exposures?
Gunnell, D. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.2.390 · Cited by 134
Smith, G. D., & Hart, C. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.8.1295 · Cited by 99
Self-citationCommentary: Can adult anthropometry be used as a ‘biomarker’ for prenatal and childhood exposures?
Gunnell, D. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/intjepid/31.2.390 · Cited by 94
Weiss, N. S. (2002) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200201000-00003 · Cited by 91
Postmenopausal Estrogen Use and Heart Disease
(1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198607103150213 · Cited by 80
Reflections on the limitations to epidemiology
Smith, G. D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00334-6 · Cited by 78
Self-citationThe design of prospective epidemiological studies: More subjects or better measurements?
Phillips, A. N., & Smith, G. D. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90120-p · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 · Cited by 10,505
(2004) · Cited by 5,198
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754 · Cited by 4,702
Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618
Self-citationIndicators of socioeconomic position (part 1): Figure 1
Galobardes, B., Shaw, M., Lawlor, D. A., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.023531 · Cited by 2,979
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D., & Ebrahim, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 9422
- Pages
- 1724-1727
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2158304798
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 23.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- antioxidant vitamins, vitamin C supplementation, observational studies, randomized controlled trials, cardiovascular disease, cancer, all-cause mortality, vitamin supplementation, evidence synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Research Design, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Observation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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