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Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
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“and can be produced by confounding (that is, by another factor that affects both the outcome and exposure)1 2 3”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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“However, such associations reported in epidemiological studies are often not reliable estimates of causal effects”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“or by other forms of bias.”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D., & Ebrahim, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 9422
- Pages
- 1724-1727
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2158304798
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 23.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- antioxidant vitamins, vitamin C supplementation, observational studies, randomized controlled trials, cardiovascular disease, cancer, all-cause mortality, vitamin supplementation, evidence synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Research Design, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Observation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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