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Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions
Open accessAbstract
Allocation of very scarce medical interventions such as organs and vaccines is a persistent ethical challenge. We evaluate eight simple allocation principles that can be classified into four categories: treating people equally, favouring the worst-off, maximising total benefits, and promoting and rewarding social usefulness. No single principle is sufficient to incorporate all morally relevant considerations and therefore individual principles must be combined into multiprinciple allocation systems. We evaluate three systems: the United Network for Organ Sharing points systems, quality-adjusted life-years, and disability-adjusted life-years. We recommend an alternative system-the complete lives system-which prioritises younger people who have not yet lived a complete life, and also incorporates prognosis, save the most lives, lottery, and instrumental value principles.
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“However, a series of works [13, 15, 16, 55, 61, 69], refer to justifications as ways of ensuring that a decision is good (in contrast to understanding a decision), which is in line with the definition proposed in this paper.”
From Beyond explainability: justifiability and contestability of algorithmic decision systems (2022) · cites this paper as [69]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Persad, G., Wertheimer, A., & Emanuel, E. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Emanuel, Ezekiel J
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 373
- Issue
- 9661
- Pages
- 423-431
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2133393736
- Cited by
- 929
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 47.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philarchive.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Colorado Law Scholarly Commons (University of Colorado Colorado Springs) (submittedVersion)
- eYLS (Yale Law School) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Organ Donation and Transplantation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- allocation of scarce medical resources, organ allocation, vaccine allocation, allocation principles, equal treatment, social utility, quality-adjusted life years, disability-adjusted life years, lottery allocation, prognosis, instrumental values, resource allocation ethics
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Ethics, Medical, Health Priorities, Humans, Morals, Prognosis, Health Care Rationing, Patient Selection, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Resource Allocation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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