Cited by 931Ethics and bioethics in healthcareOrgan Donation and TransplantationHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions

Open access

Persad, Govind, Wertheimer, Alan, Emanuel, Ezekiel J·2009·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60137-9

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Allocation of very scarce medical interventions such as organs and vaccines is a persistent ethical challenge. We evaluate eight simple allocation principles that can be classified into four categories: treating people equally, favouring the worst-off, maximising total benefits, and promoting and rewarding social usefulness. No single principle is sufficient to incorporate all morally relevant considerations and therefore individual principles must be combined into multiprinciple allocation systems. We evaluate three systems: the United Network for Organ Sharing points systems, quality-adjusted life-years, and disability-adjusted life-years. We recommend an alternative system-the complete lives system-which prioritises younger people who have not yet lived a complete life, and also incorporates prognosis, save the most lives, lottery, and instrumental value principles.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60137-9

Cites

92 of 92 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Principles of Biomedical Ethics
(2012) · Thieves of Virtue · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9079.003.0009 · Cited by 13,453
Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine
(1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195108248.001.0001 · Cited by 7,193
Principles of biomedical ethics
Horton, J. (2002) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90265-8 · Cited by 4,408
Nicomachean Ethics
, A. (2010) · Cited by 3,771
On Economic Inequality
Sen, A. K., & Foster, J. E. (1973) · doi:10.1093/0198281935.001.0001 · Cited by 3,439
What Is the Point of Equality?
Anderson, E. S. (1999) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/233897 · Cited by 3,232
The Law of Peoples
Rawls, J. (1999) · Cited by 2,191
Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease
Tang, M., Jacobs, D. M., Stern, Y., Marder, K. S., Schofield, P., Gurland, B. J., Andrews, H., & Mayeux, R. P. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)03356-9 · Cited by 1,647
Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality
Moore, W. D. (2001) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2657842 · Cited by 1,646
Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment
Atkinson, M. A., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05415-0 · Cited by 1,491

Show all 91 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Veatch, 2005, Disaster preparedness and triage, Mount Sinai J Med, 72, 236
Veatch, 2001, Equity in liver allocation: Professor Veatch's reply, Med Ethics, 7
Stein, 2002, The distribution of life-saving medical resources: equality, life expectancy, and choice behind the veil, Soc Philos Policy, 19

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 931

Bedside Rationing Under Resource Constraints—A National Survey of Ethiopian Physicians’ Use of Criteria for Priority Setting
Defaye, F. B., Danis, M., Wakim, P., Berhane, Y., Norheim, O. F., & Miljeteig, I. (2019) · AJOB Empirical Bioethics · doi:10.1080/23294515.2019.1583691 · Cited by 7
Guiding principles for prioritization of limited in-person dermatology appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic
Stoff, B. K., Blalock, T. W., Swerlick, R. A., MacKelfresh, J. B., Lawley, L. P., & Chen, S. C. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.024 · Cited by 7
Point: Healthcare Providers Should Receive Treatment Priority During a Pandemic
Daffner, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12788/jhm.3596 · Cited by 7
COVID‐19, children, clinical trials and compassion: The ethical case for using innovative or compassionate treatments
Larcher, V., Caplan, A. L., & Brierley, J. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16148 · Cited by 7
COVID-19 pandemic: triage for intensive-care treatment under resource scarcity (revised version 3.1, 17 December 2020)
Weekly, S. M. (2021) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2021.20458 · Cited by 7
“Not the years in themselves count”: the role of age for European citizens’ moral attitudes towards resource allocation in modern biomedicine
Schweda, M., Wöhlke, S., & Inthorn, J. (2015) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-015-0664-9 · Cited by 7
Ethical Issues in Kidney Transplant and Donation During COVID-19 Pandemic
Chow, K. M., Maggiore, U., & Dor, F. J. M. F. (2022) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.07.006 · Cited by 7
Ethics in Radiology: Wait Lists Queue Jumping
Cunningham, N. P., Reid, L., MacSwain, S., & Clarke, J. R. (2012) · Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal · doi:10.1016/j.carj.2011.12.006 · Cited by 7
Distributive justice in disaster triage
Greenacre, M., & Fleshner, K. A. (2017) · University of Western Ontario Medical Journal · doi:10.5206/uwomj.v86i1.2162 · Cited by 7
Prediction of optimal outcomes in organ transplantation
Poole, D., Skurzak, S., & Mehra, M. R. (2018) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5472-6 · Cited by 7
Liability claims in Spain post-COVID-19: A predictable scenario
Martín-Fumadó, C., Durán, E. L. G., Benet-Travé, J., Barbería, E., & Arimany–Manso, J. (2020) · Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101745 · Cited by 7
FAIR: A Design Theory for Artificial Intelligence Fairness
Rai, A., Tian, J., & Xue, L. (2026) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2026/17971 · Cited by 10
Awareness, Attitude, and Fertility Desire in Elective Oocyte Cryopreservation of Adults in Four Areas of China
Xie, Y., Liao, C., & Zhai, X. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s449573 · Cited by 6
Right of Conscience for Health-Care Providers
Davenport, M. L., Lahl, J., & Rosa, E. C. (2012) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1179/002436312803571357 · Cited by 7
A Qualitative Analysis of Oncology Patient Awareness of Medication Shortages and Their Preferences for How Shortages Should Be Managed
Hantel, A., Hlubocky, F. J., Siegler, M. A., & Daugherty, C. K. (2020) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.19.00608 · Cited by 6
Ethical health leadership: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries during COVID-19
Munezhi, M., & Hammad, N. (2020) · Healthcare Management Forum · doi:10.1177/0840470420961913 · Cited by 6
Confier une décision vitale à une machine
Henin, C. (2021) · Réseaux · doi:10.3917/res.225.0187 · Cited by 6
Ethics in the Era of COVID-19
Sulkowski, J. P., Mayeux, S. E., & Middlesworth, W. (2021) · Seminars in Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151107 · Cited by 6
A market failures approach to justice in health
Horne, L. C., & Heath, J. (2022) · Politics Philosophy & Economics · doi:10.1177/1470594x221089670 · Cited by 6
Public Attitudes Toward Priority Setting Principles in Health Care During COVID-19
Tinghög, G., & Strand, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.886508 · Cited by 6
General public’s understanding of rare diseases and their opinions on medical resource allocation in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Nakada, H., Watanabe, S., Takashima, K., Suzuki, S., Kawamura, Y., Takai, Y., Matsui, K., & Yamamoto, K. (2023) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02762-x · Cited by 6
Operationalizing Equity in Surgical Prioritization
Wiebe, K., Kelley, S. P., Fecteau, A. H., Levine, M. N., Blajchman, I., Shaul, R. Z., & Kirsch, R. E. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.7202/1101124ar · Cited by 6
Which newborn infants are too expensive to treat? Camosy and rationing in intensive care
Wilkinson, D. J. C. (2013) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100745 · Cited by 6
Bedside healthcare rationing dilemmas: a survey from Croatia
Pinho, M. M., Borges, A. P., & Petričević, D. (2018) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-02-2018-0022 · Cited by 6
Equality by Principle, Efficiency by Practice: How Policy Description Affects Allocation Preference
Li, M., & DeWitt, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58993-0_5 · Cited by 6
Putting a Number on the Harm of Death
Millum, J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190921415.003.0005 · Cited by 6
Insights into the labeling effect of Kidney Donor Performance Index reporting: The Australian experience
Sypek, M. P., Hughes, P., Holdsworth, R. F., Kanellis, J., McDonald, S. P., & Clayton, P. A. (2019) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.15656 · Cited by 6
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Lifestyle Factors Affecting Laypeople’s Allocation of a Scarce Medical Resource
Huynh, A. N., Furnham, A. F., & McClelland, A. (2020) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2020.122013 · Cited by 6
Fair and equitable subject selection in concurrent COVID-19 clinical trials
Jansen, M. O., Angelos, P., Schrantz, S. J., Donington, J. S., Madariaga, M. L. L., & Zakrison, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106590 · Cited by 6
Das Menschenrecht auf Gesundheit
(2016) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839434710 · Cited by 6
How Should Deceased Donor Organs Be Allocated? The Patient’s Perspective Derived from Semi-Structured Interviews
Bartling, T., Oedingen, C., Kohlmann, T., Schrem, H., & Krauth, C. (2022) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s372603 · Cited by 6
Benefits by Luck: A Study of Lotteries as a Selection Method for Government Programs
Bueno, N., Nunes, F., & Zucco, C. (2024) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140241290203 · Cited by 5
Serving Society or Serving the Patient?
Juth, N., & Munthe, C. (2011) · International library of ethics, law, and the new medicine/The international library of ethics, law, and the new medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2045-9_6 · Cited by 6
Assessing the Modified Youngest-First Principle and the Idea of Non-Persons at the Bedside: A Clinical Perspective
Sayeed, S. A. (2010) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161003633060 · Cited by 6
Patient prioritization in medical emergencies: an ethical analysis
Fortes, P. A. D. C., & Pereira, P. C. A. (2012) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2255-4823(12)70204-7 · Cited by 6
Healthcare Resource Allocation, Machine Learning, and Distributive Justice
Webb, J. (2025) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.62.1.03 · Cited by 5
Ethical considerations of artificial intelligence in emergency medicine for triage and resource allocation: a scoping review
Cha, H., & Kim, J. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine · doi:10.15441/ceem.25.199 · Cited by 6
Multi-scale reinforcement learning framework for development policy optimization: Evidence from energy poverty alleviation
Gawusu, S., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116394 · Cited by 6
Bioethics in an oncological surgery unit during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Verona experience
Tuveri, M., Bassi, C., Esposito, A., Casetti, L., Landoni, L., Malleo, G., Marchegiani, G., Paiella, S., Fontana, M., Pastena, M. D., et al. (2022) · Updates in Surgery · doi:10.1007/s13304-022-01279-5 · Cited by 5
Ethische Grenzentscheidungen in der Intensivmedizin
Scherr, B. F., & Buehler, P. K. (2024) · Die Innere Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00108-024-01781-5 · Cited by 5
Targeting Key Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in At-Risk Individuals: Developing a Digital, Personalized, and Real-Time Intervention to Facilitate Smoking Cessation and Physical Activity
Versluis, A., Penfornis, K. M., van der Burg, S., Scheltinga, B. L., van Vliet, M. H. M., Albers, N., & Meijer, E. (2024) · JMIR Cardio · doi:10.2196/47730 · Cited by 5
Navigating trade-offs within a green healthcare ethics
de Maack, V., & Dupras, C. (2025) · Environmental Research Health · doi:10.1088/2752-5309/adcae0 · Cited by 5
ELSI Implications of Prioritizing Biological Therapies in Times of COVID-19
Druedahl, L. C., Lebret, A., & Minssen, T. (2020) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1177/1073110520958884 · Cited by 5
Cancer treatment in the coronavirus disease pandemic
Zhang, J., Zhong, W., & Wu, Y.-L. L. C. (2020) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.012 · Cited by 7
Fair allocation of cryopreserved donor oocytes: towards an accountable process
Kool, E. M., van der Graaf, R., Bos, A. M. E., Fauser, B. C. J. M., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa356 · Cited by 5
Narrative trajectories of disaster response: ethical preparedness from Katrina to COVID-19
Iwai, Y., Holdren, S., Rosen, L. T., & Hu, N. Y. (2021) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2021-012194 · Cited by 5
Exploring the ethics of genetic prioritisation for COVID-19 vaccines
Bruce, J., & Johnson, S. B. (2022) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-022-01058-1 · Cited by 5
Eliciting Preferences from Choices: Discrete Choice Experiments
Howell, M., & Howard, K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_93 · Cited by 7
How Work Pattern Transformation May Affect the Mental Health of Older Workers Faced With Unmet Health Care Needs During the Pandemic? A Comparative Investigation of Different Work Models
Yuan, B., & Wang, M. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002813 · Cited by 5
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Liver and Gastrointestinal Cancer Randomized Controlled Trials
Winkelmann, C., Mezentseva, A., Vogt, B., & Neumann, T. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20136293 · Cited by 6
Optimizing the doses of cancer drugs after usual dose finding
Strohbehn, G. W., Stadler, W. M., Boonstra, P. S., & Ratain, M. J. (2023) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/17407745231213882 · Cited by 5
Public perspectives on COVID-19 triage protocols for access to critical care in extreme pandemic context
Bouthillier, M.-É., Farmer, Y., Ramirez, C. C., Downar, J., Frolic, A. N., Dahine, J., Opatrny, L., Poirier, D., Bravo, G., L’Espérance, A., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314460 · Cited by 5
Should peripheral vascular disease- or diabetes-related amputation contraindicate renal transplant?
Grace, N., & Wong, L. L. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Sozial-epidemiologische und ethische Ansätze zur Bewertung der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit
Mielck, A. (2010) · Ethik in der Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00481-010-0082-z · Cited by 5
Dueling Ethical Frameworks for Allocating Health Resources
Vawter, D. E., Garrett, J. E., Gervais, K. G., Prehn, A. W., & DeBruin, D. A. (2010) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161003632989 · Cited by 5
Rationing medical education
Walsh, K. (2016) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i1.43 · Cited by 5
Optimal and Equitable Allocation of Donor Hearts: Which Principles Are We Translating Into Practices?
Frigerio, M. (2017) · Transplantation Direct · doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000000712 · Cited by 5
Public Preferences About Fairness and the Ethics of Allocating Scarce Medical Interventions
Persad, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58993-0_4 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
The Heart of the Matter
Burton, E., Clayville, K., Goldsmith, J., & Mattei, N. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3306618.3314254 · Cited by 5
Guiding Cardiac Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Ethics Shapes Our Health System Response
Virani, A., Singh, G., Bewick, D. J., Chow, C.-M., Clarke, B. A., Cowan, S., Fordyce, C. B., Fournier, A., Gin, K. G., Gupta, A., et al. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.002 · Cited by 5
A decision support system to solve the problem of health care priority-setting
Pinho, M. M., & Moura, A. (2021) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-01-2021-0008 · Cited by 5
Rationing and Disparities in Health Care: Implications for Radiology Clinical Practice Guidelines
Brown, S. D., Hardy, S. M., & Bruno, M. A. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.09.023 · Cited by 5
Integrated medical resource consumption stratification in hospitalized patients: an Auto Triage Management model based on accurate risk, cost and length of stay prediction
Zhong, Q., Li, Z., Wang, W., Zhang, L., & He, K. (2021) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-021-1987-5 · Cited by 5
Caring for the Unvaccinated
Parker, W. F. (2021) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202109-1039ip · Cited by 5
A Conceptual Model for Sources of Differential Selection in Lung Transplant Allocation
Schnellinger, E. M., Cantu, E., Kimmel, S. E., & Szymczak, J. E. (2022) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202202-105oc · Cited by 5
Allocating Scarce Medical Resources to the Overweight
Furnham, A. F., Loganathan, N., & McClelland, A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1086/jce201021410 · Cited by 5
Das Menschenrecht auf Gesundheit
Frewer, A., & Bielefeldt, H. (2016) · Menschenrechte in der Medizin · doi:10.14361/9783839434710 · Cited by 5
Achieving Moral, High Quality, Affordable Medical Care in America through a True Free Market
McKalip, D. M. (2016) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00243639.2016.1253277 · Cited by 5
Let Us Be Fair to 5-Year-Olds: Priority for the Young in the Allocation of Scarce Health Resources
Gipe, K., & Kerstein, S. J. (2018) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phy007 · Cited by 5
A novel approach to priority-setting for HIV prevention among adults in Uganda
Kabaniha, G. A. (2014) · Cited by 5
SeiS SignoS de cientiSmo
Haack, S. (2010) · Discusiones Filosóficas · Cited by 5
Using needs-based frameworks for evaluating new technologies: An application to genetic tests
Rogowski, W. H., & Schleidgen, S. (2014) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.11.006 · Cited by 5
Critérios sociais e éticos de priorização de pacientes: uma pesquisa a estudantes e profissionais de saúde em Portugal
Pinho, M. M. (2016) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320152112.17072015 · Cited by 5
Das Menschenrecht auf Gesundheit
Krennerich, M. (2016) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839434710-003 · Cited by 5
Ethical Testing of Experimental Ebola Treatments
Foláyan, M. O., Haire, B. G., & Peterson, K. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17256 · Cited by 5
Editorial: Understanding of health economics among healthcare professionals
Fatoye, F. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12454 · Cited by 5
Commentary: Comparison of historical medical spending patterns among the BRICS and G7
Buttiġieġ, S. C., Grima, S., & Camilleri, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00213 · Cited by 5
Justice and Public Health
Persad, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190245191.013.4 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Fair treatment allocations in social networksPreprint
Atwood, J. R., Srinivasan, H., Halpern, Y., & Sculley, D. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.05489 · Cited by 5
Healthcare, Healthcare Resource Allocation, and Rationing: Pragmatist Reflections
Taye, B., & Assefa, A. H. (2022) · Contemporary Pragmatism · doi:10.1163/18758185-bja10046 · Cited by 4
Kidney transplant candidates’ perspectives on the implementation of a Canadian Willingness to Cross program: A strategy to increase access to kidney transplantation for highly sensitized patients
Affdal, A. O., Issa, M., Ballesteros, F., Malo, M.-F. A., Thind, G., Atkinson, T., Coldwell, K., Grewal, K. S., Wong, K., Lan, J. H., et al. (2024) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ctr.15338 · Cited by 4
The Equitable Benefit Approach to guide the assessment of medical and psychosocial factors in liver transplant candidacy
Craxì, L., Cottone, P. M., Sacchini, D., Burra, P., & Toniutto, P. (2024) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.16018 · Cited by 4
Release immediately or sequentially? Strategies for allocating scarce therapeutic resources during disease outbreaks
Singh, B., & Rebennack, S. (2025) · IISE Transactions · doi:10.1080/24725854.2025.2525918 · Cited by 4
Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatments
Gristina, G. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80112-0_6 · Cited by 4
Ethical Challenges in Staffing: The Importance of Building Moral Muscle
Lesandrini, J. D., & Reis, D. (2022) · Frontiers of Health Services Management · doi:10.1097/hap.0000000000000140 · Cited by 4
Setting Organ Allocation Priorities: A Discrete Choice Experiment with German Patients and Their Relatives
Bartling, T., Oedingen, C., Schrem, H., Kohlmann, T., & Krauth, C. (2023) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s402203 · Cited by 4
Severity and Temporality in Healthcare Priority Setting – A Case for A Condition-specific Affectable Time-neutral Approach
Sandman, L., & Juth, N. (2024) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10728-024-00493-z · Cited by 4
Children and Terror Casualties Receive Preference in ICU Admissions
Peleg, K., Rozenfeld, M., Dolev, E., & the Israel Trauma Group (2012) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.6 · Cited by 4
Public Health Doctors' Ancillary-Care Obligations
Richardson, H. S. (2009) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/php025 · Cited by 4
Physician characteristics influence the trends in resuscitation decisions at different ages
Hansen, T. W. R., Aasland, O. G., Janvier, A., & Førde, R. (2018) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.14326 · Cited by 4
Uterustransplantation. Ethisch gerechtfertigt?
Bozzaro, C., Krause, F., & Weismann, M. (2019) · Ethik in der Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00481-019-00519-4 · Cited by 4
Reducing Moral Distress in the Setting of a Public Health Crisis
Sulkowski, J. P. (2020) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004480 · Cited by 4
Ethical Duties of Nephrologists: When Patients Are Nonadherent to Treatment
Parsons, J. A., Taylor, D. M., Caskey, F. J., & Ives, J. (2021) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.05.007 · Cited by 4
The Role of Medical Professionals in Shaping Healthcare Law during Covid-19
Germain, S. (2021) · Amicus Curiae · doi:10.14296/ac.v3i1.5351 · Cited by 4
Medical capacity investment for epidemic disease: The effects of policymaker's confidence and public trust
Chen, X., Dong, Y., & Wu, M. (2022) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13988 · Cited by 4
Ethical guidelines for the allocation of scarce intensive care units during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Discussing a Brazilian proposal
de Araújo, M., Azevedo, M. A., Bonella, A. E., & Dall’Agnol, D. (2023) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13924 · Cited by 4
Targeted randomization dose optimization trials enable fractional dosing of scarce drugs
Boonstra, P. S., Tabarrok, A. T., & Strohbehn, G. W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287511 · Cited by 4
Addressing the distributional consequences of spillovers in health economic evaluation: A prioritarian approach
Henry, E., & Cullinan, J. (2024) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4796 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 critical care triage across Canada: a narrative synthesis and ethical analysis of early provincial triage protocols
Andersen, S. K., Gamble, N., & Rewa, O. G. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-024-02744-y · Cited by 4
Should Children Be Given Priority in Kidney Allocation?
Wilkinson, T. D., & Dittmer, I. D. (2016) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9737-x · Cited by 4

Authors: Persad, G., Wertheimer, A., & Emanuel, E. J.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Emanuel, Ezekiel J
ORCID: Persad, Govind
Emanuel, Ezekiel J
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 373
Issue: 9661
Pages: 423-431
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60137-9
OpenAlex: W2133393736
Cited by: 929
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 72 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 47.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
philarchive.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
Colorado Law Scholarly Commons (University of Colorado Colorado Springs) (submittedVersion)
eYLS (Yale Law School) (submittedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Organ Donation and Transplantation
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords: allocation of scarce medical resources, organ allocation, vaccine allocation, allocation principles, equal treatment, social utility, quality-adjusted life years, disability-adjusted life years, lottery allocation, prognosis, instrumental values, resource allocation ethics
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Ethics, Medical, Health Priorities, Humans, Morals, Prognosis, Health Care Rationing, Patient Selection, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Resource Allocation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks