The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis
Abstract
Background There is widespread concern that the present economic crisis, particularly its effect on unemployment, will adversely affect population health. We investigated how economic changes have affected mortality rates over the past three decades and identified how governments might reduce adverse effects.Methods We used multivariate regression, correcting for population ageing, past mortality and employment trends, and country-specific differences in health-care infrastructure, to examine associations between changes in employment and mortality, and how associations were modified by different types of government expenditure for 26 European Union (EU) countries between 1970 and 2007.Findings We noted that every 1% increase in unemployment was associated with a 0.79% rise in suicides at ages younger than 65 years (95% CI 0.16-1.42; 60-550 potential excess deaths [mean 310] EU-wide), although the effect size was non-significant at all ages (0.49%, -0.04 to 1.02), and with a 0.79% rise in homicides (95% CI 0.06-1.52; 3-80 potential excess deaths [mean 40] EU-wide). By contrast, road-traffic deaths decreased by 1.39% (0.64-2.14; 290-980 potential fewer deaths [mean 630] EU-wide). A more than 3% increase in unemployment had a greater effect on suicides at ages younger than 65 years (4.45%, 95% CI 0.65-8.24; 250-3220 potential excess deaths [mean 1740] EU-wide) and deaths from alcohol abuse (28.0%, 12.30-43.70; 1550-5490 potential excess deaths [mean 3500] EU-wide). We noted no consistent evidence across the EU that all-cause mortality rates increased when unemployment rose, although populations varied substantially in how sensitive mortality was to economic crises, depending partly on differences in social protection. Every US$10 per person increased investment in active labour market programmes reduced the effect of unemployment on suicides by 0.038% (95% CI -0.004 to -0.071).Interpretation Rises in unemployment are associated with significant short-term increases in premature deaths from intentional violence, while reducing traffic fatalities. Active labour market programmes that keep and reintegrate workers in jobs could mitigate some adverse health effects of economic downturns.Funding Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, King's College, London, UK; and Wates Foundation (UK).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“an economic recession may have an adverse impact on suicide rates ( Chang et al., 2013; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stuckler et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Each was based on different assumptions, but the models largely focused on the well-characterised impact on suicide rates of periods of economic recession and rises in unemployment ( Chang et al., 2013; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: a living systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Stuckler et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments
Perneger, T. V. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236 · Cited by 5,900
Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2005) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2006.00588_16.x · Cited by 4,626
Are Recessions Good for Your Health?
Ruhm, C. J. (2000) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355300554872 · Cited by 1,714
Are Recessions Good For Your Health?
Ruhm, C. J. (1996) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w5570 · Cited by 1,350
Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata
Horton, N. J. (2006) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/tas.2006.s56 · Cited by 736
Deaths Rise in Good Economic Times: Evidence From the OECD
Gerdtham, U., & Ruhm, C. J. (2002) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2006.04.001 · Cited by 610
Recessions lower (some) mortality rates:
Neumayer, E. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00276-4 · Cited by 449
Chang, S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A. C., Lu, T., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.010 · Cited by 399
Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis
Stückler, D., KING, L. P., & McKee, M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60005-2 · Cited by 394
Self-citationIncreasing mortality during the expansions of the US economy, 1900–1996
Granados, J. A. T. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141 · Cited by 339
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2008, Samaritans report 25% increase in calls as financial crisis hits, UK, Medical News Today
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,001
Batty, G. D., Kivimäki, M., Bell, S., Gale, C. R., Shipley, M., Whitley, E., & Gunnell, D. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0072-8 · Cited by 136
Violence as a public health problem: An ecological study of 169 countries
Wolf, A., Gray, R., & Fazel, S. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.006 · Cited by 146
Europe's neglected infections of poverty
Hotez, P. J., & Gurwith, M. (2011) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.006 · Cited by 142
Elbogen, E. B., Lanier, M., Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., & Tsai, J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23162 · Cited by 142
“…widespread unemployment in the Great Depression and home foreclosures in the recent Great Recession (Chang et al., 2013; Reeves et al., 2012; Stuckler et al., 2009) show the potential for suicide rates to rise during the COVID‐19 crisis due to widespread lack of living stability and job…”
BackgroundDaly, M., & Delaney, L. D. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.008 · Cited by 147
Doetsch, J. N., Pilot, E., Santana, P., & Krafft, T. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0679-7 · Cited by 140
From Health in All Policies to Health for All Policies
Greer, S. L., Falkenbach, M., Siciliani, L., McKee, M., Wismar, M., & Figueras, J. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00155-4 · Cited by 155
Self-citationForging an agenda for suicide prevention in the United States.
Caine, E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301078 · Cited by 129
Identification of Suicide Attempt Risk Factors in a National US Survey Using Machine Learning
de la Garza, Á. G., Blanco, C., Olfson, M., & Wall, M. M. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4165 · Cited by 146
McGowan, V. J., Buckner, S., Mead, R., McGill, E., Ronzi, S., Beyer, F. R., & Bambra, C. L. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11852-z · Cited by 166
The impact of fiscal austerity on suicide: On the empirics of a modern Greek tragedy
Antonakakis, N., & Collins, A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.019 · Cited by 137
“…on the effects of financial and debt crisis, and of unemployment on suicide rates in Greece has been conducted (see, among others, Fountoulakis et al., 2013, 2012; Rihmer et al., 2013; Kentikelenis et al., 2012; Economou et al., 2011; Kentikelenis et al., 2011; Stuckler et al., 2011, 2009).”
Borova, V. L., Maragou, N. C., Gago-Ferrero, P., Pistos, C. M., & Τhomaidis, Ν. S. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-014-7819-3 · Cited by 136
Cylus, J., Glymour, M. M., & Avendaño, M. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu106 · Cited by 145
Trends in suicide in Japan by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic, up to September 2020
Nomura, S., Kawashima, T., Yoneoka, D., Tanoue, Y., Eguchi, A., Gilmour, S., Kawamura, Y., Harada, N., & Hashizume, M. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113622 · Cited by 129
“Previous studies have shown that the impact of unemployment and the economic crisis on suicide rates can be mitigated by policy responses and government spending (Stuckler, 2009).”
Fu, T. S.-T., Lee, C.-S., Gunnell, D., Lee, W.-C., & Cheng, A. T.-A. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61264-1 · Cited by 131
Vandoros, S., Hessel, P., Leone, T., & Avendaño, M. (2013) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt020 · Cited by 138
The effect of economic insecurity on mental health: Recent evidence from Australian panel data
Rohde, N., Tang, K. K., Osberg, L. S., & Rao, D. S. P. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.014 · Cited by 141
Local Macroeconomic Trends and Hospital Admissions for Child Abuse, 2000–2009
Wood, J. N., Medina, S. P., Feudtner, C., Luan, X., Localio, R. A., Fieldston, E. S., & Rubin, D. M. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3755 · Cited by 131
Substance Use Disorders and COVID-19: Multi-Faceted Problems Which Require Multi-Pronged Solutions
Jemberie, W. B., Williams, J. S., Eriksson, M., Grönlund, A.-S., Ng, N., Nilsson, M. B., Padyab, M., Priest, K. C., Sandlund, M., Snellman, F., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00714 · Cited by 142
“A study of 26 European countries, with cause-specific mortalities as the outcomes (1970– 2007) found that countries with stronger social protection (employment support and welfare systems) fared better compared to their counterparts (34).”
Corcoran, P., Griffin, E., Arensman, E., Fitzgerald, A. P., & Perry, I. J. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv058 · Cited by 126
“Scandinavian countries have been cited as the notable European exceptions to the phenomenon of increased suicide in times of economic recession, an observation attributed to the high level of social support provided in these countries.(2) The suggestion has been made that”
BackgroundInfluentialCollective levels of stigma and national suicide rates in 25 European countries
Schomerus, G., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Rüsch, N., Mojtabai, R., Angermeyer, M. C., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796014000109 · Cited by 146
“There is a substantial variation in national suicide rates, which has been attributed to socio-economic factors (Lorant et al. 2005; Stuckler et al. 2009; Yur’yev et al. 2013) and genetic predispositions (Marušič & Farmer, 2001), as well as to religious or cultural influences that vary between…”
BackgroundInfluentialTsai, A. C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123182 · Cited by 122
“Therefore, I excluded studies about the health effects of general economic crises, personal unsecured debt, chronic homelessness (unless the study’s focus was on homelessness related to home foreclosure), poor housing conditions, and loss of housing due to natural disasters, as all of these stressors have previously b…”
BackgroundAssociation Between Social Integration and Suicide Among Women in the United States
Tsai, A. C., Lucas, M., & Kawachi, I. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1002 · Cited by 127
“With the exception of a growing literature based on data from the United Kingdom and Europe correlating changes in suicide rates with macroeconomic conditions during the recent economic crisis (6-9), most work in the field emphasizes the psychiatric, psychological, or biological determinants of suicide (10, 11).”
BackgroundA framework for assessing health system resilience in an economic crisis: Ireland as a test case
Thomas, S., Keegan, C., Barry, S., Layte, R., Jowett, M., & Normand, C. E. M. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-450 · Cited by 126
“In general the crisis has created a difficult environment for health systems globally as available resources are constrained or shrink and services are overburdened often leaving the vulnerable at particular risk [3].”
BackgroundRelationship of suicide rates to economic variables in Europe: 2000–2011
Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Kawohl, W., Theodorakis, P. N., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Navickas, A., Höschl, C., Lečić‐Toševski, D., Sorel, E., Rancāns, E., Pálová, E., et al. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147454 · Cited by 138
EPA guidance on mental health and economic crises in Europe
Martı́n-Carrasco, M., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Dom, G., Christodoulou, G. N., Samochowiec, J., González–Fraile, E., Bieńkowski, P., Gómez-Beneyto, M., Santos, M. J. H. D., & Wasserman, D. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0681-x · Cited by 131
“Social and health policies can contribute to exacerbate or alleviate these undesirable consequences; as an example, austerity regulations affecting health or social spending may be particularly harmful [23–25].”
BackgroundThe health implications of financial crisis: a review of the evidence.
Stückler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., & McKee, M. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 123
Self-citationPractical Suicide-Risk Management for the Busy Primary Care Physician
McDowell, A. K., Lineberry, T. W., & Bostwick, J. M. (2011) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0076 · Cited by 124
Preference of lethal methods is not the only cause for higher suicide rates in males
Cibis, A., Mergl, R., Bramesfeld, A., Althaus, D., Niklewski, G., Schmidtke, A., & Hegerl, U. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.032 · Cited by 123
“As shown in several countries, suicide and unemployment are highly correlated (Stuckler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundIshikawa, H., Tachimori, H., Takeshima, T., Umeda, M., Miyamoto, K., Shimoda, H., Baba, T., & Kawakami, N. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.050 · Cited by 122
Toffolutti, V., & Suhrcke, M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.028 · Cited by 120
Self-citationEconomic recession and mental health: an overview.
Cooper, B. K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 119
The Lancet Commission on self-harm
Moran, P., Chandler, A., Dudgeon, P., Kirtley, O. J., Knipe, D. W., Pirkis, J., Sinyor, M., Allister, R., Ansloos, J. P., Ball, M. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01121-8 · Cited by 143
Mephedrone: still available and twice the price
WINSTOCK, A. R., Mitcheson, L., & Marsden, J. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62021-1 · Cited by 117
Unemployment and Suicide Mortality: Evidence from Regional Panel Data in Europe
Breuer, C. (2014) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3073 · Cited by 117
Elling, A., van Hilvoorde, I. M., & van den Dool, R. (2012) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/1012690212455961 · Cited by 116
“The economic crisis might have negatively influenced well-being (Jehoel-Gijsbers and Hoff, 2009; Stuckler et al., 2009) in the ‘neutral’ winter of 2009, which was used as a reference for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games.”
MethodEconomic Loss and Alcohol Consumption and Problems During the 2008 to 2009 U.S. Recession
Mulia, N., Zemore, S. E., Murphy, R., Liu, H., & Catalano, R. A. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12301 · Cited by 117
Ciccone, D. K., Vian, T., Maurer, L., & Bradley, E. H. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.010 · Cited by 105
Health Effects of Economic Crises
Ruhm, C. J. (2016) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3373 · Cited by 115
“6 Stuckler et al. (2009) obtain evidence from 26 EU countries for 1970-2007 of positive, negative and neutral relationships between unemployment rates and suicides, deaths from transport accidents, and total mortality.”
Stückler, D., Meissner, C. M., Fishback, P., Basu, S., & McKee, M. (2011) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2010.121376 · Cited by 115
Self-citationNäher, A., Rummel‐Kluge, C., & Hegerl, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00898 · Cited by 126
“According to recent studies (5, 6) increases in suicide rates are linked to rising unemployment rates.”
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychiatric Emergency Department Visits - A Descriptive Study.
Gonçalves-Pinho, M., Mota, P., Ribeiro, J., Macedo, S., & Freitas, A. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09837-z · Cited by 113
“[21] Additionally, in the Northern Hemisphere, suicide rates tend to be higher in late spring and early summer, which coincides with the period of the current evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, thus requiring increased concern and the need for an adequate assessment.”
BackgroundNeoliberal globalisation and health in a time of economic crisis
Vogli, R. D. (2011) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/sth.2011.16 · Cited by 113
Interventions to mitigate the effects of poverty and inequality on mental health
Wahlbeck, K., Cresswell‐Smith, J., Haaramo, P., & Parkkonen, J. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1370-4 · Cited by 132
“A multivariate analysis examined the impact of different types of government expenditure on changes in employment and mortality for 26 EU countries between 1970 and 2007 and indicated an association between rapid and large rises in unemployment and short-term rises in suicides in working-age men and women [89].”
The true cost of the economic crisis on psychological well-being: a review
Hal, G. F. V. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s44732 · Cited by 116
Mathieu, S. L., Treloar, A., Hawgood, J. L., Ross, V. L., & Kõlves, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.907052 · Cited by 122
“For example, two of the included studies (58, 59) examined the impact of active labor market programs (ALMPS) across an overlapping cross-national sample in the European Union.”
BackgroundLaliotis, I., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Stavropoulou, C. (2016) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(16)30018-4 · Cited by 108
Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis
Chan, C. H., Caine, E. D., You, S., Fu, K., Chang, S., & YIP, P. S. F. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-202759 · Cited by 112
Anagnostopoulos, D. C., & Soumaki, E. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0377-y · Cited by 107
Markkula, N., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Pirkola, S. P., Peña, S., Saarni, S. E., Ahola, K., Mattila, A. K., Viertiö, S., Strehle, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.015 · Cited by 134
“Recent societal changes such as economic recession, which has been associated with negative mental health outcomes (Stuckler et al., 2009) warrant investigation into current prevalence of depressive disorders and possible changes during the past decade.”
Active ageing and solidarity between generations in Europe
Weber, G., Börsch-Supan, A., Brandt, M., & Litwin, H. (2013) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110295467 · Cited by 106
Moore, T. H., Kapur, N., Hawton, K. E., Richards, A. R., Metcalfe, C., & Gunnell, D. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002944 · Cited by 110
“’s analysis of the association of changes in unemployment with changes in suicide mortality in 26 European Union countries between 1970 and 2007 indicates that government spending on active labour market programmes mitigated the effect rises in unemployment on suicide (Stuckler et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeneton, P., Kesse-Guyot, E., Méjean, C., Fezeu, L., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., & Ménard, J. (2015) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0997-7 · Cited by 105
Stuckler, D., & Basu, S. (2009) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/hs.39.4.j · Cited by 104
“Spending on social protections, particularly active labor market programs and family support, has been found to prevent rises in deaths resulting from economic crises (54).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSuicide in Portugal: Spatial determinants in a context of economic crisis
Santana, P., da Costa, C. H., Cardoso, G., Loureiro, A., & Ferrão, J. (2015) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.07.001 · Cited by 121
Impact of Income Inequality and Other Social Determinants on Suicide Rate in Brazil
Machado, D. B., Rasella, D., & dos Santos, D. N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124934 · Cited by 109
“The rates of suicide increase during periods of economic crises, when unemployment and poverty rates tend to rise [7,8].”
BackgroundTrends and Socioeconomic Correlates of Adolescent Physical Fighting in 30 Countries
Pickett, W., Molcho, M., Elgar, F. J., Brooks, F. M., de Looze, M. E., Rathmann, K., ter Bogt, T., Gabhainn, S. N., Sigmundová, D., de Matos, M. G., et al. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1614 · Cited by 105
Job satisfaction behind motivation: An empirical study in public health workers
Kitsios, F., & Kamariotou, M. I. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06857 · Cited by 105
The global crisis and global health
Gill, S. R., & Bakker, I. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984792.020 · Cited by 104
The Impact of Economic Crisis on Happiness
Guðmundsdóttir, D. G. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9973-8 · Cited by 120
Unemployment and mental health—who is (not) affected?
Backhans, M. C., & Hemmingsson, T. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr059 · Cited by 104
Miret, M., Caballero, F. F., Huerta-Ramírez, R., Moneta, M. V., Olaya, B., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.045 · Cited by 114
Rachiotis, G., Stückler, D., McKee, M., & Hadjichristodoulou, C. S. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007295 · Cited by 115
“Some countries have been able to break the link between suicide and job loss by establishing active labour market programmes, whereby those losing jobs are given hope, with opportunities such as retraining exchange of information, and support for those with disabilities.(33) In particular, between 1990 and 1993, Finla…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHas Scotland always been the ‘sick man’ of Europe? An observational study from 1855 to 2006
McCartney, G., Walsh, D., Whyte, B., & Collins, C. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr136 · Cited by 102
Increased CRP levels may be a trait marker of suicidal attempt
Courtet, P., Jaussent, I., Genty, C., Dupuy, A. M., Guillaume, S., Ducasse, D., & Olié, E. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.05.003 · Cited by 96
“Moreover, suicide mortality rates have risen since the 2008 economic crisis (Stuckler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundData Resource Profile: The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
Arora, V. S., Karanikolos, M., Clair, A., Reeves, A., Stückler, D., & McKee, M. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv069 · Cited by 101
Self-citationDom, G., Samochowiec, J., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Wahlbeck, K., Hal, G. F. V., & McDaid, D. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010122 · Cited by 100
The association between economic uncertainty and suicide in the short-run
Vandoros, S., Avendaño, M., & Kawachi, I. I. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.035 · Cited by 105
Impact of financial crisis on selected health outcomes in Europe
Baumbach, A., & Guliš, G. (2014) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku042 · Cited by 98
Lundin, A., & Hemmingsson, T. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61202-2 · Cited by 98
Bremberg, S. G. (2015) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13075 · Cited by 97
Adolescent Suicide Rates Between 1990 and 2009: Analysis of Age Group 15–19 Years Worldwide
Kõlves, K., & Leo, D. D. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.014 · Cited by 97
Health and the 2008 Economic Recession: Evidence from the United Kingdom
Astell‐Burt, T., & Feng, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056674 · Cited by 105
“While evidence of an effect of previous recessions on health in the US [8,9,10,11], Europe [12,13,14,15,16,17,18] and Asia [19,20] is equivocal, preliminary findings from the most recent crisis appear to confirm fears of a rise in the number of suicides [17,18].”
BackgroundDireito à saúde e austeridade fiscal: o caso brasileiro em perspectiva internacional
Santos, I. S., & Vieira, F. S. (2018) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232018237.09192018 · Cited by 96
COVID-19, Social Determinants Past, Present, and Future, and African Americans’ Health
Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00923-3 · Cited by 102
Are recessions harmful to health after all?
Economou, A., Nikolaou, A., & Theodossiou, I. (2008) · Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.1108/01443580810903536 · Cited by 94
Rising Suicide Among Adults Aged 40–64 Years
Hempstead, K., & Phillips, J. A. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.11.006 · Cited by 91
The end of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13782 · Cited by 107
Living on the edge: precariousness and why it matters for health
McKee, M., Reeves, A., Clair, A., & Stückler, D. (2017) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0183-y · Cited by 96
“The difference was the strength of the welfare state, and specifically investment in what are called active labour market programmes [75, 76].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoldrini, T., Girardi, P., Clerici, M., Conca, A., Creati, C., Di Cicilia, G., Ducci, G., Durbano, F., Maci, C., Maone, A., et al. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110304 · Cited by 90
Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal?
Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Vos, F., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2013) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-12-115 · Cited by 146
“As occurred with past economic crises, the current ongoing one has been suggested as already affecting important aspects of human health and well-being [6-8].”
BackgroundKnipe, D. W., Carroll, R., Thomas, K. H., Pease, A. S., Gunnell, D., & Metcalfe, C. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2301-5 · Cited by 100
“It may also be possible that variation in the extent of social support/protection between countries might explain the inconsistencies observed [52], though this is unlikely to be the case because even within countries a large about heterogeneity exists.”
BackgroundCórdoba-Doña, J. A., Sebastiån, M. S., Escolar-Pujolar, A., Martínez-Faure, J. E., & Gustafsson, P. E. (2014) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-55 · Cited by 103
“As previous research has established, when the social security system is more comprehensive, unemployment is less likely to affect mental illness and suicide [42].”
MethodThe effect of economic recession on population health
Bezruchka, S. (2009) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.090553 · Cited by 95
Cardiovascular risk assessment in low-resource settings
Modesti, P. A., Agostoni, P., Agyemang, C. O., Basu, S., Bénétos, A., Cappuccio, F. P., Ceriello, A., Prato, S. D., Kalyesubula, R., O'Brien, E. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000125 · Cited by 91
“Current budget restrictions may also widen health inequalities, hurting other population groups in the dominant ethnic groups (lower socioeconomic groups, the unemployed who comprise a very large group in Europe at present, those with limited education, and people with mental health issues) [159].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCylus, J., Mladovsky, P., & McKee, M. (2012) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01428.x · Cited by 90
Self-citationReibling, N., Beckfield, J., Huijts, T., Schmidt-Catran, A. W., Thomson, K. H., & Wendt, C. (2016) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckw225 · Cited by 86
Li, N., Liu, T., Zhou, L., He, J., & Ye, L. (2012) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.013 · Cited by 85
Modrek, S., Stückler, D., McKee, M., Cullen, M. R., & Basu, S. (2013) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391695 · Cited by 87
“The programs have had a more significant impact on suicide rates during prior economic recessions than did a variety of other social welfare programs including health spending, direct income support, housing support, and unemployment benefits.(38) Such programs appeared to explain the absence of any increase in suicid…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBauer, A., Garman, E., McDaid, D., Avendaño, M., Hessel, P., Díaz, Y., Araya, R., Lund, C., Malvasi, P. A., Matijasevich, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30382-5 · Cited by 84
“In addition, as countries come out of lockdown due to COVID-19, there are opportunities for CTPs to include social integration programmes for youth.”
BackgroundImpact of unemployment variations on suicide mortality in Western European countries (2000–2010)
Laanani, M., Ghosn, W., Jougla, É., & Rey, G. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203624 · Cited by 88
Hammarström, A., Gustafsson, P. E., Strandh, M., Virtanen, P., & Janlert, U. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810394906 · Cited by 83
“In aggregate-level analyses of how economic changes have affected mortality rates over the past three decades in European Union countries [11], unemployment was associated with increased death rates due to alcohol abuse in women only.”
BackgroundCauses and cures VII: Structural violence
Lee, B. X. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.05.003 · Cited by 82
Bakker, I., Gill, S. R., & Wamsley, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692137.040 · Cited by 83
Google searches for suicide and suicide risk factors in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Halford, E., Lake, A. M., & Gould, M. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236777 · Cited by 80
Bakkeli, N. Z. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100804 · Cited by 80
“Such shocks have been proven to widen health inequalities and increase unemployment risk (Stuckler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLunau, T., Wahrendorf, M., Dragano, N., & Siegrist, J. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1086 · Cited by 80
“These threats are particularly harmful if experienced under challenging macro-economic conditions of elevated levels of unemployment, forced job mobility and wage cuts [41,42].”
Kõlves, K., Milner, A., & Värnik, P. (2013) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12011 · Cited by 78
Παπαδοπούλου, Α., Efstathiou, V., Yotsidi, V., Pomini, V., Michopoulos, I., Markopoulou, E., Papadopoulou, Μ., Tsigkaropoulou, E., Kalemi, G., Tournikioti, K., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113713 · Cited by 79
“79% rise in suicide in people aged 65 years or younger in Southern European Countries (McIntyre and Lee, 2020; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial-Environmental Factors and Suicide Mortality: A Narrative Review of over 200 Articles
Milner, A. J., Hjelmeland, H., Arensman, E., & Leo, D. D. (2013) · Sociology Mind · doi:10.4236/sm.2013.32021 · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A., & McKee, M.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (BE)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 9686
- Pages
- 315-323
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2146860307
- Cited by
- 1,486
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 125.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Bank Group
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007462/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Unemployment and Economic Growth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- unemployment, economic crisis, mortality, suicide, homicide, traffic fatalities, alcohol-related mortality, social protection, active labour market programmes, government spending, unemployment insurance, public health policy, premature mortality, EU member states, population aging, health infrastructure, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Traffic, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Europe, European Union, Health Expenditures, Health Policy, Health Status, Homicide, Humans, Middle Aged, Mortality, Population Surveillance, Public Health, Regression Analysis, Suicide, Unemployment, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Multivariate Analysis, Age Distribution, Community Health Planning, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
