The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Subclinical thyroid disease
Abstract
Subclinical thyroid diseases--subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism--are common clinical entities that encompass mild degrees of thyroid dysfunction. The clinical significance of mild thyroid overactivity and underactivity is uncertain, which has led to controversy over the appropriateness of diagnostic testing and possible treatment. In this Seminar, we discuss the definition, epidemiology, differential diagnoses, risks of progression to overt thyroid disease, potential effects on various health outcomes, and management of subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Treatment recommendations are based on the degree to which thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations have deviated from normal and underlying comorbidities. Large-scale randomised trials are urgently needed to inform how to best care for individuals with subclinical thyroid disease.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Finally, subnormal serum TSH concentrations are frequently observed in black people and in some healthy cigarette smokers [3,5,25] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Serum free T 4 and free T 3 levels are generally normal to low-normal in people with the latter conditions [3,5,18] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The degree of TSH suppression is the best parameter for predicting the progression from subclinical to overt hyperthyroidism [3,5,18,31] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Endogenous SHyper is most commonly due to Graves' disease (GD), toxic adenoma (TA) and toxic multinodular goitre (MNG) [3,5] ( table 1 ).”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Differences in the degree of TSH suppression, causes of SHyper, patient age and duration of TSH suppression may influence the adverse consequences of Endo SHyper [3,5,30] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“SHyper may progress to overt hyperthyroidism and may be associated with increased cardiovascular and skeletal risk [3,5,18] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Autoimmune hypothyroidism is the most common cause of hypothyroidism at all ages and the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity increases with aging (23, 26, 27).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“The presence of thyroid antibodies, which is associated with an increased risk of progression from subclinical to overt hypothyroidism, suggests a closer monitoring of thyroid function in subjects with thyroid antibodies (27, 52).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Other epidemiological studies4,5,6,7 have also found an association between subclinical hypothyroidism or high-normal TSH concentrations (ie, serum TSH concentrations at the upper end of the normal range) and dyslipidemia, increased insulin resistance, and hypertension—components of metabolic syndrome.”
From Association of subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease with mortality (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Elevated thyroid hormone levels have been reported to negatively affect quality of life and cognitive function as well as the cardiovascular system in young and middle-aged populations.4”
From Association of subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease with mortality (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In general, it is well established that women are at an increased risk of progression from subclinical to overt hypothyroidism.4”
From Association of subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease with mortality (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“A previous meta-analysis8 reported that subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with higher CVD risk, and thus treatment with levothyroxine is recommended when serum TSH concentrations reach 10 mIU/L or greater.4,31”
From Association of subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease with mortality (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The evidence for benefit in randomized controlled trials of thyroid hormone treatment in subclinical hypothyroidism is inconsistent and further studies are needed.3,15”
From Management of primary hypothyroidism: statement by the British Thyroid Association Executive Committee (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Trials of levothyroxine in SCH using surrogate markers have shown improvement in LV function, vascular endothelial function, atherogenic lipid particles, or cardiac mitochondrial function (4,91,105-108).”
From Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
In the citing paper
“It has widely been assumed that these associations are caused by subclinical hyperthyroidism with detrimental effects of excess thyroid hormone, for instance its proarrhythmic effect on the heart leading to AF, despite the fact that serum thyroid hormones are within reference range (1, 13–15, 29, 41, 42).”
From Serum Thyroid Function, Mortality and Disability in Advanced Old Age: The Newcastle 85+ Study (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Mild subclinical thyroid disease can progress at a low rate, suggesting a long-term screening program.”
From Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Most studies of endogenous SH show decreased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, but not in men or premenopausal women (406).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [406]
Citations
Cites
Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.2.489 · Cited by 4,279
Stagnaro-Green, A., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E., Azizi, F., Mestman, J., Negro, R., Nixon, A., Pearce, E. N., Soldin, O. P., Sullivan, S., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0087 · Cited by 2,942
The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study
Canaris, G. J., Manowitz, N. R., Mayor, G., & Ridgway, E. C. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 · Cited by 2,824
Haddow, J. E., Palomaki, G. E., Allan, W. C., Williams, J. R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., O'Heir, C. E., Mitchell, M. L., Hermos, R. J., Waisbren, S. E., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410801 · Cited by 2,558
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
DeGroot, L. J., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E. K., Amino, N., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., Eastman, C. J., Lazarus, J. H., Luton, D., Mandel, S. J., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2803 · Cited by 1,885
Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
Surks, M. I., Ortiz, E., Daniels, G. H., Sawin, C. T., Col, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Franklyn, J. A., Hershman, J. M., Burman, K. D., Denke, M. A., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.228 · Cited by 1,800
The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0043 · Cited by 1,418
Self-citationKlein, I., & Danzi, S. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.678326 · Cited by 1,324
Low Serum Thyrotropin Concentrations as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Persons
Sawin, C. T., Geller, A., Wolf, P. A., Belanger, A. J., Baker, E., Bacharach, P., Wilson, P., Benjamin, E. J., & D'Agostino, R. B. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199411103311901 · Cited by 1,259
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Yavuz, 2000, Normal systolic time intervals in subclinical hyperthyroidism, J Endocrinol Invest, 23, 38
- Boekholdt, 2010, Initial thyroid status and cardiovascular risk factors: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 72, 404, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03640.x · DOI · Paper page
- Walsh, 2005, Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, Arch Intern Med, 165, 2467, 10.1001/archinte.165.21.2467 · DOI · Paper page
- Glenn, 1996, Practice parameter on laboratory panel testing for screening and case finding in asymptomatic adults, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 120, 929
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
Cai, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., Wang, L., Zheng, J., Jiang, Y., Dong, Y., Zhou, H., Hu, Y., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00222 · Cited by 45
Ye, Y., Xie, H., Zeng, Y., Zhao, X., Tian, Z., & Zhang, S. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13237.or · Cited by 42
Santos, R., Piccoli, C., Cremonese, C., & Freire, C. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.050 · Cited by 41
Thalassemia and malignancy: An emerging concern?
Hodroj, M. H., Bou‐Fakhredin, R., Nour‐Eldine, W., Noureldine, H. A., Noureldine, M. H. A., & Taher, A. T. (2019) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.06.002 · Cited by 41
Individualised requirements for optimum treatment of hypothyroidism: complex needs, limited options
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2019) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.212597 · Cited by 41
Autoimmune diseases in Turner syndrome: an overview.
Sanctis, V. D., & Khater, D. (2019) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v90i3.8737 · Cited by 41
Thyrotropin, Hyperthyroidism, and Bone Mass
Kim, S., Ryu, V., Miyashita, S., Korkmaz, F., Lizneva, D., Gera, S., Latif, R., Davies, T. F., Iqbal, J. Z., Yuen, T., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab548 · Cited by 42
Hu, M. Q., Asami, C., Iwakura, H., Nakajima, Y., Sema, R., Kikuchi, T., Miyata, T., Sakamaki, K., Kudo, T., Yamada, M., et al. (2022) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00071-1 · Cited by 45
Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Brix, T. H., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1407 · Cited by 44
Update on subclinical thyroid dysfunction
Hashimoto, K. (2022) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0182 · Cited by 44
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis
Fanibunda, S. E., Desouza, L. A., Kapoor, R., Vaidya, R. A., & Vaidya, V. A. (2017) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.006 · Cited by 40
de Carvalho, G. A., Paz-Filho, G., Mesa, C. O., & Graf, H. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0947 · Cited by 41
Hyperthyroidism Prevalence in China After Universal Salt Iodization
Wang, C., Li, Y., Teng, D., Shi, X., Ba, J., Chen, B., Du, J., He, L., Lai, X., Li, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.651534 · Cited by 40
Wang, Y., Zhou, B., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Huang, L.-L., Liao, J., Hu, X.-J., Lu, W., Zeng, Q., & Pan, A. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.031 · Cited by 39
Fan, H. X., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, S. L., Shi, T., Zhang, P., Xu, Y., Chen, X., & Zhang, T. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac393 · Cited by 38
Simonsick, E. M., Chia, C. W., Mammen, J. S., Egan, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv226 · Cited by 38
Garin, M. C., Arnold, A. M., Lee, J. S., Tracy, R. P., & Cappola, A. R. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3591 · Cited by 38
Thyroid Hormones and Metabolism Regulation: Which Role on Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning Process?
Sabatino, L., & Vassalle, C. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030361 · Cited by 47
CSCO thyroid cancer working group (2019) · Chinese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.01.06 · Cited by 39
Langén, V. L., Niiranen, T., Puukka, P. J., Lehtonen, A. O., Hernesniemi, J. A., Sundvall, J., Salomaa, V. V., & Jula, A. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13472 · Cited by 38
Roy Chengappa, K., Gannon, J., & Forrest, P. (2014) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.4103/0975-9476.146566 · Cited by 37
Das, D., Banerjee, A., Jena, A. B., Duttaroy, A. K., & Pathak, S. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112613 · Cited by 43
In Vitro Fertilization Outcomes in Treated Hypothyroidism
Busnelli, A., Somigliana, E., Benaglia, L., Leonardi, M., Ragni, G., & Fedele, L. (2013) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0044 · Cited by 37
Başköy, K., Ay, S. A., Altundağ, A., Kurt, O., Salihoğlu, M., Denız, F., Tekelı, H., Yönem, A., & Hummel, T. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149979 · Cited by 37
Chaker, L., Sedaghat, S., Hoorn, E. J., den Elzen, W. P. J., Gussekloo, J., Albert Hofman, D., Ikram, M. A., Franco, O. H., Dehghan, A., & Peeters, R. P. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0537 · Cited by 37
He, W., Li, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Mu, K., & Li, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00454 · Cited by 37
Levothyroxine liquid solution versus tablet for replacement treatment in hypothyroid patients
Negro, R., Valcavi, R., Agrimi, D., & Toulis, K. A. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13378.or · Cited by 36
Wildisen, L., Feller, M., Del Giovane, C., Moutzouri, E., Du Puy, R. S., Mooijaart, S. P., Collet, T.-H., Poortvliet, R. K. E., Kearney, P., Quinn, T. J., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36645 · Cited by 36
Özkan, S., Semiz-Oysu, A., Kayataş, K., Demirtunç, R., Eren, M., Uslu, H., & Altuntaş, Y. (2013) · The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.5152/akd.2013.134 · Cited by 37
Yang, R., Yao, L., Fang, Y., Sun, J., Guo, T., Yang, K., & Tian, L. (2017) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-017-0828-5 · Cited by 35
RetractedIncident thyroid disease in female spouses of private pesticide applicators
Shrestha, S., Parks, C. G., Goldner, W. S., Kamel, F., Umbach, D. M., Ward, M. H., Lerro, C. C., Koutros, S., Hofmann, J. N., Freeman, L. E. B., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.041 · Cited by 35
Relationship between Hypothyroidism and Endometrial Cancer
Wang, Y., Zhou, R., & Wang, J. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2018.0224 · Cited by 35
Thyroid Screening in Early Pregnancy: Pros and Cons
Taylor, P. N., Zouras, S., Min, T., Nagarahaj, K., Lazarus, J. H., & Okosieme, O. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00626 · Cited by 34
L-Thyroxine Therapy for Older Adults With Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroid Symptoms
de Montmollin, M., Feller, M., Beglinger, S., McConnachie, A., Aujesky, D., Collet, T., Ford, I., Gussekloo, J., Kearney, P. M., Carthy, V. J. C. M., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-3193 · Cited by 38
Reinterpreting patterns of variation in human thyroid function
Keestra, S., Tabor, V., & Alvergne, A. (2020) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoaa043 · Cited by 38
Airaksinen, J., Komulainen, K., Velázquez, R. G., Määttänen, I., Gluschkoff, K., Savelieva, K., & Jokela, M. M. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152253 · Cited by 33
Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid dysfunction: a meta-analysis
Luo, W., Mao, P., Zhang, L., & Yang, Z. (2018) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203318805849 · Cited by 36
Sbardella, E., Tenuta, M., Sirgiovanni, G., Gianfrilli, D., Pozza, C., Venneri, M. A., Cortesi, E., Marchetti, P., Lenzi, A., Gelibter, A. J., et al. (2019) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14135 · Cited by 34
Molecular markers in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules
Ward, L. S., & Kloos, R. T. (2013) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302013000200001 · Cited by 34
Thyroid Function in Aging: A Discerning Approach
Duntas, L. H. (2017) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2017.1991 · Cited by 33
Subclinical hypothyroidism: When to treat
Azim, S., & Nasr, C. E. (2019) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.86a.17053 · Cited by 39
Biondi, B. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0585 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSubclinical hypothyroidism in children: is it always subclinical?
Gallizzi, R., Crisafulli, C., Aversa, T., Salzano, G., Luca, F. D., Valenzise, M., & Zirilli, G. (2018) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-018-0462-4 · Cited by 34
Chen, Y., Tian, S., Wu, J., Li, H., Li, S., Xu, Z., Liang, X., Adhikari, V. P., Xiao, J., Song, J.-Y., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad016 · Cited by 33
Polycystic ovary syndrome and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
Mayrink, J., Benetti‐Pinto, C. L., Garmes, H. M., Jales, R. M., & Juliato, C. R. T. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2014.958990 · Cited by 32
Madathil, A., Hollingsworth, K. G., Blamire, A. M., Razvi, S., Newton, J. L., Taylor, R., & Weaver, J. U. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2942 · Cited by 32
Zhou, L., Ding, S., Li, Y., Wang, L., Chen, W., Bo, T., Wu, K., Li, C., Liu, X., Zhao, J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31381 · Cited by 31
Jasim, S., & Gharib, H. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171796.ra · Cited by 35
Blocking mitochondrial cyclophilin D ameliorates TSH-impaired defensive barrier of artery
Liu, X., Du, H., Chai, Q., Jia, Q., Liu, L., Zhao, M., Li, J., Tang, H. R., Chen, W., Zhao, L., et al. (2018) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.004 · Cited by 33
Bruyneel, M., Veltri, F., & Poppe, K. (2019) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-018-1746-z · Cited by 31
Jia, F., Tian, J., Deng, F., Yang, G., Long, M., Cheng, W., Wang, B., Wu, J., & Liu, D. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12724 · Cited by 31
Medici, M., Visser, T. J., & Peeters, R. P. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.04.002 · Cited by 32
Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Dyslipidemia in Childhood: A Review
Vuković, R., Zeljković, A., Bufan, B., Spasojević‐Kalimanovska, V., Milenković, T., & Vekić, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00868 · Cited by 33
Tsai, T., Tu, Y., Munir, K. M., Lin, S., Chang, R. H., Kao, S., Loh, C., Peng, C. C., & Huang, H. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz186 · Cited by 31
Increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in female hospitalized patients with depression
Zhao, S., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02490-3 · Cited by 30
Li, X., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Ding, L., Wang, J., & Hua, W. (2014) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.05.002 · Cited by 30
Zebrafish duox mutations provide a model for human congenital hypothyroidism
Chopra, K., Ishibashi, S., & Amaya, E. (2019) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.037655 · Cited by 30
Tozzoli, R., D’Aurizio, F., Metus, P., Steffan, A., Mazzon, C., & Bagnasco, M. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0825-0 · Cited by 29
Thyroid Function Reference Intervals by Age, Sex, and Race
Li, Q., Tang, Y., Yu, X., Qin, G., Tian, L., Cheng, L., Lü, Y., Zhao, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, K., et al. (2025) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-24-01559 · Cited by 29
Tómasdóttir, M. Ó., Getz, L., Sigurdsson, J. A., Pétursson, H., Kirkengen, A. L., Krokstad, S., McEwan, B., & Hetlevik, I. (2014) · European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare · doi:10.5750/ejpch.v2i3.734 · Cited by 29
Li, X., Zhen, D., Zhao, M., Liu, L., Guan, Q., Zhang, H., Ge, S., Tang, X., & Gao, L. (2017) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0549 · Cited by 29
Post-thyroidectomy chronic asthenia: self-deception or disease?
Rosato, L., Pacini, F., Suffat, L. P., Mondini, G., Ginardi, A., Maggio, M., Bosco, M. C., & Pepa, C. D. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0353-4 · Cited by 29
Song, Y., Zhao, M., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Xu, J., & Gao, L. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15844.or · Cited by 31
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children and Adolescents: Is It Clinically Relevant?
Gawlik, A., Szeliga, K., Dejner, A., Zachurzok, A., Antosz, A., & Małecka‐Tendera, E. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/691071 · Cited by 28
Serin, A. N., Birge, Ö., Uysal, A., Görar, S., & Tekeli, F. Y. (2021) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00706-9 · Cited by 28
Lin, W., Chen, W., Wang, P., Chan, Y., Chang, Y., Chen, H.-S., Chen, S., Chen, W., Cheng, K., Chi, S., et al. (2022) · ULTRASONOGRAPHY · doi:10.14366/usg.22126 · Cited by 29
Thyroid Disorders in Older Adults
Visser, W. E., Visser, T. J., & Peeters, R. P. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.008 · Cited by 29
The debate on treating subclinical hypothyroidism
Tan, E. (2016) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2016165 · Cited by 29
The Effects of Dyslipidemia in Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Hussain, A. R., Elmahdawi, A. M., Elzeraidi, N. E.-H., Nouh, F. A., & Algathafi, K. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6173 · Cited by 27
Gao, H., Lu, X., Huang, H., Ji, H., Zhang, L., & Su, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13581 · Cited by 28
Akatsu, H., Ewing, S. K., Stefanick, M. L., Fink, H. A., Stone, K. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Mehra, R., Ancoli-Israel, S., Redline, S., & Hoffman, A. R. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13282.or · Cited by 27
Fatahiasl, J., Larijani, B. A., Zakerkish, M., Rahim, F., Shirbandi, K., & Akbari, R. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05096-z · Cited by 30
Tian, L., Lu, C., & Teng, W. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18768-4 · Cited by 34
The aging of the endocrine hypothalamus and its dependent endocrine glands
Batrinos, M. L. (2012) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1354 · Cited by 26
Wang, D., Li, D., Guo, X., Yu, S., Qiu, L., Cheng, X., Xu, T., Li, H., & Liu, H. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.099 · Cited by 26
Chemically or Surgically Induced Thyroid Dysfunction Altered Gut Microbiota in Rat Models
Shin, N. R., Bose, S., Wang, J., Nam, Y., Song, E., Lim, D., Kim, H., Lim, Y., Choi, H. S., & Kim, H. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201903091rr · Cited by 27
Zhu, H., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Zhao, X., & Gu, M. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02110-9 · Cited by 28
The relationship between thyroid disorders and vitamin A.: A narrative minireview
Capriello, S., Stramazzo, I., Bagaglini, M. F., Brusca, N., Virili, C., & Centanni, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.968215 · Cited by 26
Thyroid Disorders in Chronic Heart Failure: From Prognostic Set-up to Therapeutic Management
Triggiani, V., & Iacoviello, M. (2013) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530311313010005 · Cited by 25
Hormones and health outcomes in aging men
Yeap, B. B. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.012 · Cited by 28
Subclinical hypothyroidism: Controversies to consensus
Raza, S., & Mahmood, N. (2013) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.123555 · Cited by 25
Syamsunder, A. N., Pal, P., Pal, G. K., Kamalanathan, C., Parija, S. C., Nanda, N., & Sirisha, A. (2016) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2016.1181648 · Cited by 24
The impact of thyroid autoimmunity (TPOAb) on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women
Polovina, S. P., Miljić, D., Zivojinović, S., Milic, N. M., Micić, D., & Popović-Brkić, V. (2017) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1719 · Cited by 25
Zhang, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Dai, Y., Ding, J., Guo, J., Qi, X., Wu, C., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108720 · Cited by 24
Prenatal dioxin exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the Seveso second generation study
Warner, M., Rauch, S. A., Ames, J., Mocarelli, P., Brambilla, P., Signorini, S. G., & Eskenazi, B. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109280 · Cited by 24
Neves, J. S., Fontes‐Carvalho, R., Borges‐Canha, M., Leite, A. R., Martins, S., Oliveira, A. B. F. D., Guimarães, J. T., Carvalho, D. M., Leite-Moreira, A. F., & Azevedo, A. (2020) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000508407 · Cited by 26
Wu, Z., Yue, J., Zhou, D., Chen, S., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Li, X., Wang, W., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac110 · Cited by 24
Bahreiny, S. S., Ahangarpour, A., Amraei, M., Mansouri, Z., Pirsadeghi, A., Kazemzadeh, R., Javidan, M., Karamali, N., Bastani, M., & Dabbagh, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2024.104215 · Cited by 24
Bonelli, N., Rossetto, R., Castagno, D., Anselmino, M., Vignolo, F., Parasiliti‐Caprino, M., Gaïta, F., Ghigo, E., Garberoglio, R., Grimaldi, R., et al. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13494 · Cited by 25
Impact of thyroid status and age on comprehensive geriatric assessment
Silva, S. O. E., Chan, I. T., Santos, M. A. L., Cohen, M. V., Araujo, M. D. L. R. P., Almeida, J. D. S., Simões, A., Givigi, H. R. B., Vaisman, M., Paixão, C. M., et al. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-0077-x · Cited by 23
Alomair, B. M., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Alshammari, M. A., Alexiou, A. T., Papadakis, M., Saad, . M., & Batiha, G. E. (2024) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-024-00199-3 · Cited by 25
Subclinical Hypothyroidism – Whether and When To Start Treatment?
Cojić, M., & Cvejanov-Kezunović, L. (2017) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2017.195 · Cited by 23
Yao, Z. J., Gao, X., Liu, M., Chen, Z., Yang, N., Jia, Y., Feng, X., Xu, Y., Yang, X., & Wang, G. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22970-x · Cited by 24
The REACTION Study Group, Wang, J., Zheng, X., Sun, M., Wang, Z., Fu, Q., Shi, Y., Cao, M., Zhu, Z., Meng, C., et al. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0602-1 · Cited by 23
Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: updates for pediatricians
Metwalley, K. A., & Farghaly, H. S. (2021) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2040242.121 · Cited by 23
Medinger, M., Zeiter, D., Heim, D. A., Halter, J. P., Gerull, S., Tichelli, A., Passweg, J. R., & Nigro, N. (2017) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.04.003 · Cited by 23
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and risk of carotid atherosclerosis
Kim, H., Kim, T. H., Kim, H. I., Park, S. Y., Kim, Y. N., Kim, S., Kim, M., Jin, S., Hur, K. Y., Kim, J. H., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182090 · Cited by 23
Einfeldt, M. N., Olsen, A. S., Kristensen, S. L., Khalid, U., Faber, J. O., Torp-Pedersen, C. T., Gislason, G., & Selmer, C. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01604 · Cited by 23
Recent progress in the sensing techniques for the detection of human thyroid stimulating hormone
Rajesh, Kumar, K., Mishra, S. K., Dwivedi, P., & Sumana, G. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.033 · Cited by 23
Turning to Thyroid Disease in Pregnant Women
Andersen, S. L., & Andersen, S. (2020) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000506228 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Cooper, D. S., & Biondi, B.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, David S
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 379
- Issue
- 9821
- Pages
- 1142-1154
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2160393206
- Cited by
- 1,039
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 11.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid dysfunction, thyroid-stimulating hormone, health outcomes, treatment guidelines, comorbidities, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Nutrition Surveys, Osteoporosis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Quality of Life, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroiditis, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, United States, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Dyslipidemias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
