The UK Biobank and selection bias

Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error

Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779

Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data

Berkson, J. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002000 · Cited by 1,810

What makes UK Biobank special?

Collins, R. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60404-8 · Cited by 1,128

New Models for Large Prospective Studies: Is There a Better Way?

Manolio, T. A., Weis, B. K., Cowie, C. C., Hoover, R. N., Hudson, K., Kramer, B. S., Berg, C., Collins, R., Ewart, W., Gaziano, J. M., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr453 · Cited by 129

Time spent in outdoor light is associated with increased blood pressure, increased hypertension risk, and decreased hypotension risk

Li, S., Lu, L., Xian, W., Li, J., Xu, S., Chen, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117349 · Cited by 2

Beyond the hours slept: inconsistent sleep routines threaten mental health in 100,000 UK Biobank participants

Moebus, M., & Holz, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24794-7 · Cited by 1

Physical activity patterns and cardiovascular disease risk in adults with overweight or obesity: a prospective cohort study

Mu, K., Qiao, Y., Lin, R., Yu, Y., Zhao, M., Magnussen, C. G., & Xi, B. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04701-6 · Cited by 1

Unifying to Advance Understanding: Collaborative, Community-Driven and ‘Open’ Approaches for Better Science in Sport

Warmenhoven, J., Shrier, I., Bullock, G. S., Holcombe, A. O., Nimphius, S., Menaspà, P., Coutts, A. J., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02394-8 · Cited by 1

Investigating the effect of 30 km/h on neighborhood traffic safety perceptions- A three-wave repeated cross-sectional study in the Netherlands

Huijzendveld, R. A., den Braver, N. R., Beenackers, M. A., van Lenthe, F. J., van Erpecum, C.-P. L., Bornioli, A., van Veldhuizen, R. J., Wagtendonk, A. J., García-Gómez, P., & Mölenberg, F. J. M. (2026) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2026.102288 · Cited by 1

Apoptosis protein markers in comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression; relationships with cognitive performance, incident dementia, and white matter hyperintensities

Perfetto, S. E., Ruthirakuhan, M. T., Wong, Y. Y., Ryoo, S. W., Huang, C. H. L., Fan, F., Chenoweth, M. J., Nestor, S. M., Andreazza, A. C., Goubran, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122353 · Cited by 1

Phenomic profiles and disease patterns of 1.9 million participants from Our Future Health

Straub, V. J., Benónísdóttir, S., Bentivoglio, G. S., Wary, N. K., Campbell, R. H., Kong, A., & Mills, M. C. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04602-4 · Cited by 1

Esophageal ulcer associated with mild hemophilia A: case report

Nicolescu, C. M., Neşiu, A., Uzum, A., Laza, D. C., Nicolescu, L. C., Freiman, P., Ardelean, A., Ene, R., & Marti, T. D. (2022) · Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology · doi:10.47162/rjme.63.3.14 · Cited by 1

Causal Associations of Insomnia With Chronic Kidney Diseases and Underlying Blood Proteins: An Observational and Mendelian Randomization Study

Wang, K., Ye, S., Feng, H., Liang, Y. Y., Guo, S. J., Zheng, R., Zhou, Y., Jia, G., Qi, L., Zhao, G., et al. (2025) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.12.020 · Cited by 1

Socioeconomic inequalities in work and health

van Zon, S. K. R. (2017) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1

Troubled by Ubble

Mackenzie, M., Collins, C., McCartney, G., McCrory, M., & Wright, S. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00970-8 · Cited by 1

Association of changing physical activity intensity and bout length with mortality: a study of 79,507 participants in UK BiobankPreprint

Millard, L. A. C., Tilling, K. M., Gaunt, T. R., Carslake, D., & Lawlor, D. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.20108795 · Cited by 1

Benchmarking Polygenic Risk Score Model Assumptions: towards more accurate risk assessmentPreprint

Kulm, S., Mezey, J. G., & Elemento, O. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.480983 · Cited by 1

Particulate matter air pollution and COVID-19 infection, severity, and mortality: A systematic reviewPreprint

Sheppard, N., Carroll, M. T. C., Gao, C. X., & Lane, T. J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.22282100 · Cited by 1

Investigating the Mechanisms of Endometrial Cancer Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Can UK Biobank Help?

Karanam, V. L. (2017) · Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal · doi:10.15406/ogij.2017.08.00277

Research Progress on Predictive Models Based on Machine Learning for Depression

杨, 兵. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.91005

Cardiovascular Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure Instability and Brain Health in Older Adults: Population-Based Perspectives

O'hare, S. J. (2019) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)

Population Branding as Practices of Valuation

Tupasela, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78578-9_3

Estimating life expectancy and years of life lost in epidemiological studies: a review of methods using an example from multimorbidityPreprint

Chudasama, Y., Khunti, K. K., Gillies, C. L., Dhalwani, N. N., Davies, M. J., Yates, T. E., & Zaccardi, F. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.22269472

The global randomization test: A Mendelian randomization falsification test for the exclusion restriction assumptionPreprint

Millard, L. A. C., Smith, G. D., & Tilling, K. M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.22274459

Genetic architecture of DCC and influence on psychological, psychiatric and cardiometabolic traits in multiple ancestry groups in UK BiobankPreprint

Strawbridge, R. J., Forsyth, L., Cullen, B., Graham, N., Lyall, D. M., Lyall, L. M., Pell, J. P., Ward, J., & Smıth, D. J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2158925/v1

Genetics, Human Capital Formation and the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status

van Alten, S. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.847

Loneliness as a risk factor for dementia and its mediators: A longitudinal cohort analysis of UK Biobank data

Echegut, M. L., Shoham, N., & Mukadam, N. (2024) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2024.100284 · Cited by 1

Investigating the Effect of 30 Km/H on Neighborhood Traffic Safety Perceptions- a Three-Wave Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in the NetherlandsPreprint

Huijzendveld, R. A., den Braver, N. R., Beenackers, M. A., van Lenthe, F. J., van Erpecum, C. L., Bornioli, A., van Veldhuizen, R. J., Wagtendonk, A. J., García‐Gómez, P., & Mölenberg, F. J. M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5270607

Sex-Specific Genetic Architecture and Comorbidities of Alcohol Use BehaviorsPreprint

Vilar‐Ribó, L., Jennings, M. V., Sallah, A., Niarchou, M., Jinwala, Z., Thorpe, H. H. A., Bianchi, S. B., Meredith, J. W., Feuer, K. L., Rader, L., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.25341089

Additional file 1 of Plant-based dietary patterns, genetic predisposition and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study from the UK Biobank

Liu, F., Lv, Y., Peng, Y., Qiao, Y., Wang, P., Si, C., Wang, X., Gong, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, M., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24209048

Additional file 1 of NHS Health Check attendance is associated with reduced multiorgan disease risk: a matched cohort study in the UK Biobank

McCracken, C., Raisi‐Estabragh, Z., Szabó, L. E., Robson, J., Raman, B., Topiwala, A., Roca‐Fernández, A., Masud Husain, B., Petersen, S. E., Neubauer, S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25045513

The Role of Type 2 Diabetes in Shaping Multimorbidity Progression: Evidence from the UK Biobank CohortPreprint

Zhang, J. E., Bjerg, L., Graversen, S. B., Støvring, H., Dahm, C. C., Carstensen, B., & Witte, D. R. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7262907

The relationship between healthy sleep patterns and the risk of scoliosis: a large prospective cohort study

Li, W., Ma, S., Hu, M., 郝, 彦., Li, Y., Cai, X., Zhuang, W., & Sun, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1839503

Disparities in Cancer Incidence by Sex and Associated Lifestyle Factors and Health Conditions

Li, Z., Tan, Y.-T., Shen, Q.-M., Yang, D.-N., Li, H.-L., & Xiang, Y.-B. (2026) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.3747

UK Biobank, big data, and the consequences of non-representativeness

Keyes, K. M., & Westreich, D. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33067-8 · Cited by 187

Biased Estimates in Mendelian Randomization Studies Conducted in Unrepresentative Samples

Munafo, M. R., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4279 · Cited by 15

Representativeness Is Not Representative

Huang, J. Y. (2020) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001317 · Cited by 43

Addressing selection bias in the UK Biobank neurological imaging cohortPreprint

Bradley, V., & Nichols, T. E. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.22269266 · Cited by 26

Should Representativeness Be Avoided? Reweighting the UK Biobank Corrects for Pervasive Selection Bias Due to VolunteeringPreprint

van Alten, S., Domingue, B. W., Faul, J. D., Galama, T. J., & Marees, A. T. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4493234 · Cited by 4