CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 357Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Self-harm in prisons in England and Wales: an epidemiological study of prevalence, risk factors, clustering, and subsequent suicide

Open access
Hawton, Keith, Linsell, Louise, Adeniji, Tunde, Sariaslan, Amir, Fazel, Seena·2014·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62118-2PMC PMC3978651
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Self-harm and suicide are common in prisoners, yet robust information on the full extent and characteristics of people at risk of self-harm is scant. Furthermore, understanding how frequently self-harm is followed by suicide, and in which prisoners this progression is most likely to happen, is important. We did a case-control study of all prisoners in England and Wales to ascertain the prevalence of self-harm in this population, associated risk factors, clustering effects, and risk of subsequent suicide after self-harm. METHODS: Records of self-harm incidents in all prisons in England and Wales were gathered routinely between January, 2004, and December, 2009. We did a case-control comparison of prisoners who self-harmed and those who did not between January, 2006, and December, 2009. We also used a Bayesian approach to look at clustering of people who self-harmed. Prisoners who self-harmed and subsequently died by suicide in prison were compared with other inmates who self-harmed. FINDINGS: 139,195 self-harm incidents were recorded in 26,510 individual prisoners between 2004 and 2009; 5-6% of male prisoners and 20-24% of female inmates self-harmed every year. Self-harm rates were more than ten times higher in female prisoners than in male inmates. Repetition of self-harm was common, particularly in women and teenage girls, in whom a subgroup of 102 prisoners accounted for 17,307 episodes. In both sexes, self-harm was associated with younger age, white ethnic origin, prison type, and a life sentence or being unsentenced; in female inmates, committing a violent offence against an individual was also a factor. Substantial evidence was noted of clustering in time and location of prisoners who self-harmed (adjusted intra-class correlation 0·15, 95% CI 0·11-0·18). 109 subsequent suicides in prison were reported in individuals who self-harmed; the risk was higher in those who self-harmed than in the general prison population, and more than half the deaths occurred within a month of self-harm. Risk factors for suicide after self-harm in male prisoners were older age and a previous self-harm incident of high or moderate lethality; in female inmates, a history of more than five self-harm incidents within a year was associated with subsequent suicide. INTERPRETATION: The burden of self-harm in prisoners is substantial, particularly in women. Self-harm in prison is associated with subsequent suicide in this setting. Prevention and treatment of self-harm in prisoners is an essential component of suicide prevention in prisons. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, National Offender Management Service, and Department of Health.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62118-2

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 44 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 357

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Hawton, K., Linsell, L., Adeniji, T., Sariaslan, A., & Fazel, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Ministry of Justice (GB)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Fazel, Seena
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-03
Volume
383
Issue
9923
Pages
1147-1154
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62118-2
PMC
PMC3978651
OpenAlex
W2143818998
Cited by
357
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12
FWCI
23.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator and to SF from the Wellcome Trust (095806)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords
self-harm, suicide, prisoners, prison population, prevalence, risk factors, clustering, women prisoners, incarcerated men, violent offending, life imprisonment, adolescent girls, suicide prevention, England and Wales prisons, prison mental health, prison staff training
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bayes Theorem, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prisoners, Prisons, Risk Factors, Suicide, Wales, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Self-Injurious Behavior, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review