The history and fate of the gold standard

Writing at the Margin: Discourse Between Anthropology and Medicine

Rothstein, W. G. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530480076048 · Cited by 495

Double Standards, Scientific Methods, and Epidemiologic Research

Feinstein, A. R., & Horwitz, R. I. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198212233072604 · Cited by 167

Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a 30-year journey.

Favaloro, R. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00559-7 · Cited by 130

Are Randomized Trials Appropriate for Evaluating New Operations?

Bonchek, L. I. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197907053010110 · Cited by 103

Evidence-Based Medicine and the Search for a Science of Clinical Care

Godwin, M. S. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.11.1429-a · Cited by 88

Time to abolish "gold standard"

Duggan, P. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6841.1568-b · Cited by 36

What Is Specific to Biomedicine?

Kleinman, A. (1997) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/california/9780520209657.003.0002 · Cited by 14

The development of fair tests of treatments

Chalmers, I. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60821-7 · Cited by 11

Real-world data in cancer treatment

Ismail, R. K. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1338

The Right to Public Health

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.003.0006 · Cited by 1

Responsibility

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.003.0008

Personal, Professional, and Political Intersections

Heesacker, M. (2021) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00122-9

Gold standard

Bell, D. M., Jr., & Campos, A. (2019) · Radiopaedia.org · doi:10.53347/rid-69645

Afterword

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.003.0012

Introduction

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.003.0001

Communicable Disease

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.003.0010

Generating evidence during a pandemic: what’s reliable?

Wallach, J. D., Moneer, O., & Ross, J. S. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o1229

Social and Scientific History of Randomized Controlled Trials

Bothwell, L. E., Kuo, W.-H., Jones, D. S., & Podolsky, S. H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52636-2_196

To bias or not to bias in oncology clinical trials: Perspectives on design, endpoint selection, and reporting

Lee, Z. Y. (2023) · Medical Writing · doi:10.56012/ejyj3404

La réponse à l’intervention, un référentiel dans la lutte contre les difficultés de lecture

Viriot-Goeldel, C. (2023) · Revue française de pédagogie · doi:10.4000/rfp.12968

Reference Trial Emulation to Improve the Validity of Non-Interventional Comparative Effectiveness ResearchPreprint

Wing, K., & Schultze, A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/wt3r5

Osteopathie und evidenzbasierte Medizin, Teil 2: Kritik an der EBM

Luthin, D. (2024) · DO - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Osteopathie · doi:10.1055/a-2220-8344

The Dog Care Handbook: Things I Wish My Vet Had Told Me

Little, C. (2024) · 5m Books Ltd · doi:10.52517/9781789182705

Preface

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.002.0005

Copyright Page

Wilson, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844057.002.0003

Temporal discontinuity trials and randomization: success rates versus design strength

Knaeble, B., & Kummerfeld, E. (2024) · Epidemiologic Methods · doi:10.1515/em-2023-0042

Best possible care in the circumstances

Horne, S. T. (2025) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2025-214860

Controlling exposure

Miller, E., Begg, S. J., & Lee, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009522342.009

Testing the Efficacy of RESPONSIBLEPLAY©: A Multi-Theory Model (MTM)-Based Intervention Protocol for Promoting Responsible Gambling Among College Students

Kapukotuwa, S., Batra, K., Johansen, C. M., & Sharma, M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22060858

Medical guidelines that embrace the humility of uncertainty could help doctors choose treatments with more research evidence behind them

Spellberg, B. J., Ahn, J., & Centor, R. M. (2022) · doi:10.64628/aai.utkqhk43t

Faster approval for drugs and medical devices under the 21st Century Cures Act raises concerns for patient safety

Rutschman, A. S. (2017) · doi:10.64628/aai.tn6ehavus

Preface and Acknowledgments

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.002.0004

The New Medical Model

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0002

Medical Interventions and Risk

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0009

Medical Evidence and Prediction

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0008

The Nature of Chronic Diseases and Mental Disorders

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0006

Therapeutic Skepticism

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0011

Introduction

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0014

Causation and Classification of Disease

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0005

Twenty-First-Century Medicine

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0013

Theories of Contagion and Cancer

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0003

Effect Measures and the Sufficient-Component Cause Model

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.005.0001

Problems of Extrapolation

Fuller, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190066178.003.0010

The placebo effect in psychotherapy

Gaab, J. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29884-4.00021-2

Additional file 1 of A systematic two-sample and bidirectional MR process highlights a unidirectional genetic causal effect of allergic diseases on COVID-19 infection/severity

Chen, X.-T., Zhi, S., Han, X.-Y., Jiang, J.-W., Liu, G.-M., & Rao, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25052298

Additional file 1 of No genetic causal association between periodontitis and ankylosing spondylitis: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis

Han, C., Wu, D., Yu, F., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Qin, R., Chen, Y., Xu, L., & He, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25744293

Additional file 1 of Clinical Translation of Cell Therapies in Stroke (CT2S) Checklist—a pragmatic tool to accelerate development of cell therapy products

Nagpal, A., Milton, A. G., Koblar, S. A., & Hamilton‐Bruce, M. A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13668260

Additional file 1 of Supporting translation of research evidence into practice—the use of Normalisation Process Theory to assess and inform implementation within randomised controlled trials: a systematic review

Williams, A., Lennox, L., Harris, M., & Antonacci, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26633211

Individual participant data meta-analysis tips and tricks: troubleshooting commonly encountered issues of contacting trialists for individual participant data

Flanagan, M., Gurrin, L. C., Li, W., Patabendige, M., Rolnik, D. L., & Mol, B. W. (2026) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-24-00548

Psychotherapie und Placebo

Gaab, J. (2026) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-026-00834-4

Cardiology in Algeria needs clinical trials: time to step up the game

Khlidj, Y., & Ahmed, R. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag003

Deciphering casual association between brain structure and liver cirrhosis: Insights from Mendelian randomization

Xiong, X., Yang, G., Yao, Y., & Lin, C. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000047976

Completeness of reporting in abstracts of randomized controlled trials and factors associated with complete reporting: a meta-research study

Corentin, C., Ghosn, L., Riveros, C., Baron, G., & Boutron, I. (2026) · Research Integrity and Peer Review · doi:10.1186/s41073-026-00196-0 · Cited by 2

Examining specificity in psychotherapy: Open/hidden administration of alliance in experimentally induced guilt

Nissen, E. K., Zehnder, T., Wehlage, C., & Gaab, J. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2686684

“I want to be able to say that I did everything I could”. Exploring the negotiations between the logic of care and the logic of research in clinical trials

Reynolds, D. J., Perrotta, M., & Maeilli, G. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119588

Testing the efficacy of Stay Awake, Stay Alive©: a Multi-Theory Model (MTM)-based intervention protocol for reducing drowsy driving behavior among college students Abstract Background: Drowsy driving is a critical public health concern, particularly among college students who face a unique convergence of lifestyle risk factors, including academic pressures, irregular sleep schedules, and reliance on caffeine as a substitute for adequate rest. Nearly 50% of college students report having driven while drowsy within the past month, yet targeted, theory-driven interventions for this population remain scarce. Objective: This study outlines the protocol for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of Stay Awake, Stay Alive (Preprint)Preprint

Akhter, M. S., Awan, A. T., Awan, A. T., Johansen, C. M., & Sharma, M. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.107554

Reflections on the ‘medicalisation of finance’

Krishnamurthy, M. (2025) · Contributions to Indian Sociology · doi:10.1177/00699659261470354

Assessing the Gold Standard — Lessons from the History of RCTs

Bothwell, L. E., Greene, J. A., Podolsky, S. H., & Jones, D. S. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms1604593 · Cited by 664

Is the Gold Standard in Medical Clinical Trials Really Golden? An Opinion

Doepp, M. (2025) · British journal of healthcare and medical research · doi:10.14738/bjhr.1206.19635

Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials: Are they really the "Gold" standard?

Odibo, A. O. (2012)

The Gold Standard for Evidence-Based Medicine

Bader, T. (2023) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003324058-20

Research Methods in Medicine and Health Sciences

Cobb, W. J. (2016) · MOJ Anatomy & Physiology · doi:10.15406/mojap.2016.02.00056 · Cited by 2