The DOI matches its Crossref record; 143 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 26 of the 63 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oral diseases: a global public health challenge
Open accessAbstract
Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life for those affected. The most prevalent and consequential oral diseases globally are dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancers of the lips and oral cavity. In this first of two papers in a Series on oral health, we describe the scope of the global oral disease epidemic, its origins in terms of social and commercial determinants, and its costs in terms of population wellbeing and societal impact. Although oral diseases are largely preventable, they persist with high prevalence, reflecting widespread social and economic inequalities and inadequate funding for prevention and treatment, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). As with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), oral conditions are chronic and strongly socially patterned. Children living in poverty, socially marginalised groups, and older people are the most affected by oral diseases, and have poor access to dental care. In many LMICs, oral diseases remain largely untreated because the treatment costs exceed available resources. The personal consequences of chronic untreated oral diseases are often severe and can include unremitting pain, sepsis, reduced quality of life, lost school days, disruption to family life, and decreased work productivity. The costs of treating oral diseases impose large economic burdens to families and health-care systems. Oral diseases are undoubtedly a global public health problem, with particular concern over their rising prevalence in many LMICs linked to wider social, economic, and commercial changes. By describing the extent and consequences of oral diseases, their social and commercial determinants, and their ongoing neglect in global health policy, we aim to highlight the urgent need to address oral diseases among other NCDs as a global health priority.
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Claims the paper makes
16 No full text of the sources · 16 No basis given · 11 Own interpretation · 10 Couldn’t confirm · 10 Sources not found · 9 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, depriving people of health, wellbeing, and the ability to achieve their full potential.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res source
The Results (page not provided) say oral conditions remained highly prevalent in 2015, affecting nearly half the world population. They also identify untreated caries in permanent teeth as the most prevalent condition in GBD 2015. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The 'westernised' model of modern dentistry (high technology and treatment focused) is unaffordable and inappropriate in many LMIC.8”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Yee, 2002, The burden of restorative dental treatment for children in third world countries, Int Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract concludes that traditional restorative treatment of children's caries is beyond the financial capabilities of most low-income nations. It also says prescribing unaffordable treatment when resources are scarce is unethical. The paper does not establish that the broader, high-technology model of modern dentistry is unaffordable or inappropriate across LMIC. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases are highly prevalent conditions affecting over 3.5 billion people around the world, with dental caries being the most common disease globally with increasing prevalence in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC)”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res source
The Results report that untreated caries in permanent teeth was the most prevalent condition in the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study, affecting 2.5 billion people worldwide. This supports the attributed claim that dental caries is the most common disease globally, with the source’s more precise qualification that it measured untreated caries in permanent teeth. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases are highly prevalent conditions affecting over 3.5 billion people around the world, with dental caries being the most common disease globally with increasing prevalence in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC)”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that untreated caries was the most prevalent condition studied, and the Discussion reports 3.5 billion people with untreated oral conditions in 2015. But the Introduction says only that declines in caries experience were less obvious in low-income countries; it does not establish increasing caries prevalence in many low- and middle-income countries. The Results’ global increase in case counts does not establish that country-specific prevalence trend. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Petersen, 2005, The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health, Bull World Health Organ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In susceptible individuals with a compromised immune response, gingivitis may lead onto periodontitis which progressively destroys the periodontal tissue support including the bone surrounding teeth.16”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [16] Pitts, 2017, Dental caries, Nat Rev Dis Primers sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Prevention section mentions compromised immunity as a consideration in dental-caries prevention, but does not connect it to gingivitis or periodontitis. Searches for gingivitis, periodontitis, and destruction of periodontal tissue found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed progression. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Through a shared inflammatory pathway, periodontal disease is associated with other chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and dementia.[19][20][21][22]”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Löe, 1965, Experimental gingivitis in man, J Periodontol source
- Partly supportedcites [20] Tonetti, 2017, Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: a call for global action, J Clin Periodontol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that inflammatory mediators from the periodontium are among the mechanisms through which periodontitis interacts with systemic diseases, notably diabetes and atherosclerosis. This supports the diabetes and cardiovascular-disease portions, but our copy does not identify dementia or establish a shared inflammatory pathway for all three conditions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Lockhart, 2012, Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association?, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary Assessment of the Literature (page not provided) says periodontal disease is associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease, while the Association of Periodontitis With Systemic Inflammation section reports systemic inflammation. The Risk Factors for PD and Cardiovascular Disease section identifies diabetes as a shared risk factor, but the copy does not establish a shared inflammatory pathway linking periodontal disease to diabetes or dementia; a search for dementia found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Lower socioeconomic position was significantly associated with any untreated caries lesions or any caries experience.36”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [36] Kassebaum, 2014, Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990–2010, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports global prevalence and incidence estimates for severe periodontitis, not associations between socioeconomic position and caries. Searches for the quoted claim, untreated caries, and socioeconomic status found no passage in our copy addressing that association; the absence of such a passage is not a contrary finding. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Individuals may not have full control over exposure to these risk factors if they have insufficient funds to purchase goods which are beneficial to their oral health.137”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [137] Hastings, 2012, Why corporate power is a public health priority, BMJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Collective harm section (p. 2) says marketers cater to people who can afford to buy and that this inequality damages health and wellbeing. This supports the general point that limited funds constrain health-related choices, but the paper does not address purchasing goods beneficial to oral health or exposure to oral-health risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The international soft drinks market is dominated by a small number of companies and in particular Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [141] McKee, 2018, Revisiting the corporate and commercial determinants of health, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages on corporate power (Abstract; page unavailable) discuss global corporations generally, not the structure of the international soft-drinks market. Searches for Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and soft-drink market concentration found no passage supporting the claimed dominance by those companies. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In many high-income countries human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is responsible for a steep rise in incidence of oro-pharyngeal cancers among young people.28”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] Warnakulasuriya, 2009, Causes of oral cancer–an appraisal of controversies, Br Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Human papillomavirus infection (HPV)” section says HPV is a risk factor particularly for oropharyngeal cancer and that a proportion of cases can be attributed to it, particularly among young subjects. The Introduction reports a steep rise in UK oral cancer incidence, but does not establish that HPV caused a steep rise in oropharyngeal cancer among young people across many high-income countries. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are however a neglected topic, rarely seen as a priority in health policy.7”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Benzian, 2011, Political priority of global oral health: an analysis of reasons for international neglect, Int Dent J source
The paper’s Abstract describes oral health as neglected worldwide and says stakeholders have had limited success generating international interest and action. The “Global oral health—symptoms of neglect” section reports that major international development agencies have no recognisable activities addressing oral diseases, supporting the claim about low policy priority. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases are highly prevalent conditions affecting over 3.5 billion people around the world, with dental caries being the most common disease globally with increasing prevalence in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC)”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res source
The Discussion reports that 3.5 billion people worldwide had untreated oral conditions in 2015. Because this is a rounded estimate for untreated conditions alone, it supports the claim that oral diseases affect over 3.5 billion people globally. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Oral diseases are largely preventable.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Indeed, the WHO has called on member states to develop appropriate multi-sectoral approaches to deal with the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children.136”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [136] Buse, 2017, Healthy people and healthy profits? Elaborating a conceptual framework for governing the commercial determinants of non-communicable diseases and identifying options for reducing risk exposure, Global Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) describes WHO’s multisectoral coordination mechanism and reports how many countries have policies on food and beverage marketing to children. The Background (page not provided) also discusses regulating such marketing, but neither passage says WHO called on member states to develop multisectoral approaches for it. Searches for that call and for WHO recommendations on marketing to children found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In 2010, untreated caries in deciduous teeth was the 10 th most prevalent health condition affecting 9% of the global child population; the global age-standardised prevalence remained unchanged between 1990 and 2010 (9%); the age-standardised global incidence was 15,205 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2010 slightly and not significantly fewer than the 15,437 cases per 100,000 cases reported in 1”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Dental caries
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report untreated caries in deciduous teeth at 7.8% age-standardized prevalence in 2015, and the Discussion says it affected 573 million children that year. Neither passage establishes the claimed 2010 figure of 9% of children or its ranking as the 10th most prevalent condition; the reported 7.8% is not specified as a percentage of children. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plainn = 1,502,260- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people living in high-income countries have more untreated dental caries, more severe tooth loss, and are more likely to experience toothache compared to the general population.[45][46][47][48][49]”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Marginalised groups and disability
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] Peres, 2011, The influence of family income trajectories from birth to adulthood on adult oral health: findings from the 1982 pelotas birth cohort, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports more dental caries, including untreated cavities, among poorer members of a Brazilian birth cohort than among their better-off peers. It does not study homeless people in high-income countries or report their tooth loss or toothache compared with the general population. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [46] Celeste, 2018, Do socioeconomic inequalities in pain, psychological distress and oral health increase or decrease over the life course? Evidence from Sweden over 43 years of follow-up, J Epidemiol Community Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results describe socioeconomic differences in self-reported tooth condition in Swedish cohorts, comparing poorer with non-poor participants. Our copy does not address homeless people or compare their untreated caries, tooth loss, or toothache with the general population (searched: homeless, untreated dental caries, tooth loss, toothache). (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [47] Aldridge, 2018, Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Findings and Interpretation (page unavailable) report broad health inequities among homeless populations but do not address dental outcomes. Searches of our copy for caries, tooth loss, toothache, and oral health found no passage comparing these outcomes with the general population. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In 2010, 158 million people or 2.3 % of the global population was completely edentulous (no natural teeth).”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Tooth loss
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] Marcenes, 2013, Global burden of oral conditions in 1990–2010: a systematic analysis, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that severe tooth loss affected an estimated 2% of the global population in 2010; the Discussion says the prevalence calculation was based on total tooth loss. Our copy does not give the claimed 158 million people or the more precise 2.3% figure (searched: “158,” “2.3,” and Table 1 prevalence). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Another example of how consumer prices can influence oral health is given by the proportion of income needed to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages which has decreased worldwide since 1990 but particularly in LMIC.139”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [139] Lobstein, 2015, Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Food supplies and market controls section reports rising worldwide soft-drink sales during 2007–11, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It does not report the proportion of income needed to buy sugar-sweetened beverages or a change in that proportion since 1990. Searches for beverage affordability and prices relative to income found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Buse and colleagues have expanded on the role of industry in influencing decision-making and describe a conceptual framework for governing the commercial drivers of NCD risk.128”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [128] Lee, 2014, The ethical imperative of addressing oral health disparities, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction presents a framework for oral health disparities and discusses social determinants and population-level approaches. Our copy does not address Buse and colleagues, industry influence on decision-making, or a framework for governing commercial drivers of NCD risk (searched those terms and a paraphrase). (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Epidemiological evidence indicates that lifetime prevalence of dental caries has declined in the last four decades, but this is mainly in high-income countries with the most significant decline seen in 12-year-old children.30,31”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Dental caries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mehanna, 2013, Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancer–systematic review and meta-analysis of trends by time and region, Head Neck source
- Could not verifycites [31] Conway, 2015, Estimating and explaining the effect of education and income on head and neck cancer risk: INHANCE consortium pooled analysis of 31 case-control studies from 27 countries, Int J Cancer sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Results (pages not provided) address socioeconomic factors and head and neck cancer risk, not dental caries. Searches for declining lifetime caries prevalence and for trends in high-income countries and 12-year-old children found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2015) study, 3.5 billion people worldwide live with dental conditions which are mostly: untreated dental caries in the deciduous and the permanent dentitions, severe periodontal disease, edentulism (complete tooth loss) and severe tooth loss (having between 1 and 9 remaining teeth).3”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Global epidemiological overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Kassebaum, 2017, Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, J Dent Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports 3.5 billion people with untreated oral conditions in 2015 and lists untreated caries, severe periodontal disease, and total tooth loss. However, the Methods (Data Input) define total tooth loss as complete loss of natural teeth; our copy does not support adding severe tooth loss defined as 1–9 remaining teeth to that list. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“These two companies alone account for over a third of worldwide soft drinks sales 141”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [141] McKee, 2018, Revisiting the corporate and commercial determinants of health, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper discusses corporate power (Abstract, page unavailable) and mentions Coca-Cola in a reference (References, page unavailable), but neither passage gives soft-drink sales figures. Searches for PepsiCo and worldwide soft-drink market share found no passage supporting the claim that the two companies account for over a third of sales. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Globally over 3.5 billion people suffer from oral diseases which are chronic and progressive in nature starting in early childhood and progressing across adolescence, adulthood and into later life.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, depriving people of health, wellbeing, and the ability to achieve their full potential.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The personal consequences of chronic untreated oral diseases are often severe and include unremitting pain, sepsis, reduced quality of life, lost school days, family disruption, and decreased work productivity.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases disproportionally affect poorer and marginalised groups in society being very closely linked to socioeconomic status and the broader social determinants of health.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases are highly prevalent across the life course and have a significant negative impact on individuals, communities and the wider society.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Oral diseases are largely preventable.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral conditions disproportionally affect poorer and socially disadvantaged members of society.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, oral diseases can be considered as a sensitive clinical marker of social disadvantage, a 'canary in the coalmine' with oral diseases being the early indicator of population ill health linked to deprivation.5”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Watt, 2018, Oral health disparities in children, Pediatr Clin North Am source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), oral conditions are chronic and strongly socially patterned.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are truly a global public health problem with particular concern over rising prevalence in many LMIC linked to wider social, economic and commercial changes.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are chronic and progressive in naturefor example dental caries affects very young children but is a lifelong condition that tracks across adolescence, adulthood and into later life.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oral diseases and oral health inequalities are directly influenced by the wider social and commercial determinants, the underlying drivers of poor population oral health.6”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Watt, 2012, Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of particular concern is the impact of free sugars consumption on the prevalence of both caries and overweight/obesity, and associated conditions such as diabetes.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is increasing recognition of the influence, power and impact of the global sugar industry as a threat to public health, which requires tighter regulation and legislation by governments.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If caries progresses and leads to cavitation, the condition can cause significant pain and discomfort, and, when it spreads to the dental pulp, infection, and ultimately sepsis and tooth loss.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The societal costs of treating oral diseases are a very high economic burden to families and the health care system.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poor children, socially marginalised groups, and older people suffer the most from oral diseases and have more limited access to dental care.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases have a significant impact causing pain, sepsis, reduced quality of life, lost school days, family disruption, decreased work productivity, and the costs of dental treatment can be considerable for both individuals, and the wider health care system.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In high-income countries, dentistry is failing to meet the needs of large segments of their populations and is increasingly focusing on the provision of aesthetic treatments largely driven by profit motives and consumerism.9”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Holden, 2018, Consumer-driven and commercialised practice in dentistry: an ethical and professional problem?, Med Health Care Philos source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Dental caries is the localised destruction of dental hard tissues (enamel and dentine) by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of free sugars.11,12”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12] Fejerskov, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Globally, severe periodontitis was the sixth-most prevalent health condition affecting nearly 11% or 743 million people worldwide.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 1 here Periodontal diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Frencken, 2017, Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis— a comprehensive review, J Clin Periodontol source
plainn = 743- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The adverse influence of corporate players in governmental public health policy is well documented, with coherence of approaches often apparent across industries 140”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] Nestle, 2015
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knai and colleagues have proposed a systems approach for analysing the commercial determinants of health.140”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] Nestle, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases disproportionally affect poorer and marginalised groups in society being very closely linked to socioeconomic status and the broader social and commercial determinants.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the burden of untreated dental caries for primary and permanent dentition remained relatively unchanged over the last 30 years challenging the conventional view that dental caries burden has generally improved.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Dental caries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Efforts employed include criticising health-promotion policies as overbearing governmental interference (nanny state) and insisting on the importance of consumer choice and individual responsibility.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] Nestle, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knai and colleagues argue that corporations have an impact through being able to create systems that are resilient to public health interventions, having the capacity to adapt and diversify.140”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] Nestle, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral diseases are a significant global public health problem which are highly prevalent and have major negative impacts on individuals, communities and society.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lip and oral cavity cancers are among the top 15 most common cancers in the world with 500,550 incident cases in 2018.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Oral cancer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 500,550- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rates of oral cancers are greater among men, older age-groups, and those from poorer backgroundswith socioeconomic inequalities observed both between and within countries.29”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Clinical overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Winn, 2015, The INHANCE consortium: toward a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of head and neck cancer, Oral Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such an approach has the potential to promote a better understanding of the broader political, institutional, and cultural contexts in which health outcomes, risk factors and behaviours are embedded.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Figure 3here
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Untreated caries in permanent teeth was the most prevalent health condition in 2010 affecting 35% of the global population or 2.4 billion people worldwide.32”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Dental caries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Marthaler, 2004, Changes in dental caries 1953–2003, Caries Res source
plainn = 3,265,546- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, lip and oral cavity cancers are among the top 15 most common cancers in the world.24”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Global epidemiological overview of oral diseases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing consumption of free sugars particularly in LMIC is causing an increase in dental caries, as well as other NCDs such obesity and diabetes.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Free sugars are used in the production of many processed foods and drinks, and soft drinks are a major source of sugar in the global diet.
In the paper
“PepsiCo has set aside US$12 billion for its Indian operations by 2020.142”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142] 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“a sum that exceeds the GDP of Slovakia and another 125 countries around the globe.143”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [143] 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with accumulated revenues in excess of US$100 billion in 2014 142”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142] 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast, the WHO's total budget for 2017 was US$4.4 billion.149”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149] O'Connor
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although sugary drinks consumption is highest in North America, Latin America, Australasia and Western Europe, sales are now falling in many high-income countries and instead significant growth is expected in many low and middleincome countries.125”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Nowjack-Raymer, 2007, Numbers of natural teeth, diet, and nutritional status in US adults, J Dent Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2013 US drinks companies alone spent US$866 million on advertising sugary drinks and energy drinks.148”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] Sheiham, 2015, Diet and dental caries, J Dent Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Industry is also increasingly targeting its marketing campaigns to specific ethnic minority groups -US$83 million was spent on marketing sugary drinks and energy drinks on Spanish language television in the US, a 44% increase since 2010.148”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] Sheiham, 2015, Diet and dental caries, J Dent Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Direct marketing to children and young people include brand appearances on prime-time television programmes, marketing in social media and mobile marketing.
In the paper
“Coca-Cola outlined plans to invest more than US$4 billion in China between 2015 and 2017 and by 2020 they intend to spend US$12 billion on marketing their products across Africa.”
§ Oral diseases: a global public health challenge > List of figures and panels
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142] 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Oral diseases are largely preventable.
“Even though oral diseases are largely preventable, they persist with high prevalence as a reflection of pervasive social and economic inequalities, along with inadequate funding for prevention and treatment, particularly in low and middleincome countries (LMIC).”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many LMIC oral diseases remain largely untreated because treatment costs exceed available resources.
“In many LMIC oral diseases remain largely untreated as the treatment costs exceed available resources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The current model of dental care delivery and clinical preventive policy has failed to tackle the global burden of oral diseases.
“The current model of dental care delivery and clinical preventive policy has failed to tackle the global burden of oral diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many dentists are not well trained in providing care for patients with complex medical problems.
“Additionally, many dentists are not well trained in providing care for patients with complex medical problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advertising to children is extensive, via multiple channels, with profound effects on food preferences, purchase requests, consumption patterns and health.
“Advertising to children is extensive, via multiple channels, with profound effects on food preferences, purchase requests, consumption patterns and health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The soft drinks industry spends a great deal on advertising and marketing their products.
“The soft drinks industry spends a great deal on advertising and marketing their products.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Direct marketing to children and young people include brand appearances on prime-time television programmes, marketing in social media and mobile marketing.
“Direct marketing to children and young people include brand appearances on prime-time television programmes, marketing in social media and mobile marketing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Free sugars are used in the production of many processed foods and drinks, and soft drinks are a major source of sugar in the global diet.
“Although free sugars are used in the production of many processed foods and drinks, soft drinks are a major source of sugar in the global diet.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In this study, the predominance of curative demand among caregivers who do not regularly seek dental care and who have a limited perception of the importance of prevention is consistent with previous studies indicating that, despite improvements in access, preventive dentistry has not yet been fully incorporated into routine practice [22,23].”
From Socioeconomic, Educational, Cultural, and Oral Health Practices Among Caregivers Declining Their Children's Participation in School-Based Oral Health Promotion Programs: A Cross-Sectional Study (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This preventable health challenge leads to a negative aftermath affecting vulnerable groups through their inability to remain active in society, emotional trauma and loss of productivity.”
From Oral health in Africa: a neglected public health priority (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, highlighting a potential failure of healthcare systems in protecting individuals at risk of oral diseases (34).”
From Oral health in Africa: a neglected public health priority (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Citations
Cites
Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2018) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21492 · Cited by 84,109
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
Joint, W. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,890
Experimental gingivitis in man
Löe, H., Theilade, E., & Jensen, S. B. (1965) · The Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177 · Cited by 3,481 · cited 1×
“The main cause of periodontal disease is poor oral hygiene leading 190 to the accumulation of pathogenic microbial biofilm (plaque) at and below the 191 gingival margin.(17,18) Tobacco use is also an important independent risk factor for 192 periodontal disease.”
BackgroundPetersen, P. E. (2003) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j..2003.com122.x · Cited by 3,179
The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health.
Petersen, P., Bourgeois, D., Ogawa, H., Estupiñán-Day, S., & Ndiaye, C. (2005) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.1590/s0042-96862005000900011 · Cited by 3,107
The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health.
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Selwitz, R. H., Ismail, A. I., & Pitts, N. B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60031-2 · Cited by 2,617
Global Burden of Severe Periodontitis in 1990-2010: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression
Kassebaum, N. J., Bernabé, E., Dahiya, M., Bhandari, B., Murray, C. J. L., & Marcenes, W. (2014) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034514552491 · Cited by 2,209
Food consumption trends and drivers
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Metadata
- Authors
- Peres, M. A., Macpherson, L. M. D., Weyant, R. J., Daly, B., Venturelli, R., Mathur, M. R., Listl, S., Celeste, R. K., Guarnizo-Herreño, C. C., Kearns, C., Benzian, H., Allison, P., & Watt, R. G.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University College London (GB)
- Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CO)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- New York University (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Watt, Richard G
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 394
- Issue
- 10194
- Pages
- 249-260
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2956655325
- Cited by
- 4,054
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 772 · 2025: 719 · 2024: 689 · 2023: 582 · 2022: 560 · 2021: 431 · 2020: 267 · 2019: 28
- FWCI
- 45.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2019-09-21)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR-INF-0386, PB-PG-0212-27029, NF-SI-0515-10032)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- oral diseases, dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, oral cancer, non-communicable diseases, social determinants of health, economic burden, low- and middle-income countries, access to dental care, oral health policy, global health priorities
- MeSH terms
- Dental Caries, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Mouth Diseases, Mouth Neoplasms, Periodontal Diseases, Public Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Health Status Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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