The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Population health outcomes in Nigeria compared with other west African countries, 1998–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Population-level health and mortality data are crucial for evidence-informed policy but scarce in Nigeria. To fill this gap, we undertook a comprehensive assessment of the burden of disease in Nigeria and compared outcomes to other west African countries. METHODS: In this systematic analysis, using data and results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we analysed patterns of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), life expectancy, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and health system coverage for Nigeria and 15 other west African countries by gender in 1998 and 2019. Estimates of all-age and age-standardised disability-adjusted life-years for 369 diseases and injuries and 87 risk factors are presented for Nigeria. Health expenditure per person and gross domestic product were extracted from the World Bank repository. FINDINGS: Between 1998 and 2019, life expectancy and HALE increased in Nigeria by 18% to 64·3 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 62·2-66·6), mortality reduced for all age groups for both male and female individuals, and health expenditure per person increased from the 11th to third highest in west Africa by 2018 (US$18·6 in 2001 to $83·75 in 2018). Nonetheless, relative outcomes remained poor; Nigeria ranked sixth in west Africa for age-standardised mortality, seventh for HALE, tenth for YLLs, 12th for health system coverage, and 14th for YLDs in 2019. Malaria (5176·3 YLLs per 100 000 people, 95% UI 2464·0-9591·1) and neonatal disorders (4818·8 YLLs per 100 000, 3865·9-6064·2) were the leading causes of YLLs in Nigeria in 2019. Nigeria had the fourth-highest under-five mortality rate for male individuals (2491·8 deaths per 100 000, 95% UI 1986·1-3140·1) and female individuals (2117·7 deaths per 100 000, 1756·7-2569·1), but among the lowest mortality for men older than 55 years. There was evidence of a growing non-communicable disease burden facing older Nigerians. INTERPRETATION: Health outcomes remain poor in Nigeria despite higher expenditure since 2001. Better outcomes in countries with equivalent or lower health expenditure suggest health system strengthening and targeted intervention to address unsafe water sources, poor sanitation, malnutrition, and exposure to air pollution could substantially improve population health. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Literature estimates indicate that EHR adoption in Nigerian healthcare institutions is between about 18 and 23 percent, with only a small number of hospitals having fully digitalized patient information systems and the rest using hybrid or legacy systems.
“Literary estimates indicate that the adoption of EHR in healthcare institutions in Nigeria is between about 18 and 23 percent with only a small number of hospitals having digitalized patient information systems wholly with the rest using hybrid systems or legacy systems [12, 14, 15, 16, 17].”
From Cloud-based Electronic Health Records (EHR) Adoption Rate in Nigeria: Barriers and Performance Bottlenecks (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9 · Cited by 19,358
Self-citationVollset, S. E., Goren, E., Yuan, C.-W., Cao, J., Smith, A. E., Hsiao, T., Bisignano, C., Azhar, G. S., Castro, E., Chalek, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 · Cited by 1,506
Joshi, R., Alim, M., Kengne, A. P., Jan, S., Maulik, P. K., Peiris, D., & Patel, A. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103754 · Cited by 589
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Kress, 2016, Assessment of primary health care system performance in Nigeria: using the primary health care performance indicator conceptual framework, Health Syst Ref, 2, 302, 10.1080/23288604.2016.1234861 · DOI · Paper page
- Onwujekwe, 2019, Corruption in anglophone west Africa health systems: a systematic review of its different variants and the factors that sustain them, Health Pol Plan, 34, 529, 10.1093/heapol/czz070 · DOI
- Althaus, 2015, Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: transmission dynamics and rapid control, Epidemics, 11, 80, 10.1016/j.epidem.2015.03.001 · DOI
- Yinka-Ogunleye, 2019, Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017–18: a clinical and epidemiological report, Lancet Infect Dis, 19, 872, 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30294-4 · DOI
- Njidda, 2018, The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, BMJ Global Health, 3, 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000712 · DOI
- Omoleke, 2016, Ebola viral disease in west Africa: a threat to global health, economy and political stability, J Pub Health Africa, 7, 1
- Afshin, 2019, Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 393, 1958, 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8 · DOI · Paper page
- Makinde, 2020, Death registration in Nigeria: a systematic literature review of its performance and challenges, Glob Health Action, 13, 10.1080/16549716.2020.1811476 · DOI
- Uneke, 2020, Promoting the use of evidence in health policymaking in the ECOWAS region: the development and contextualization of an evidence-based policymaking guidance, Glob Health, 16, 73, 10.1186/s12992-020-00605-z · DOI
- Murray, 2020, Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet, 396, 1223, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Murray, 2014, Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 384, 1005, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8 · DOI
- Olaniran, 2019, The roles of community health workers who provide maternal and newborn health services: case studies from Africa and Asia, BMJ Glob Health, 4, 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001388 · DOI
- Kutzin, 2013, Health financing for universal coverage and health system performance: concepts and implications for policy, Bull World Health Organ, 91, 602, 10.2471/BLT.12.113985 · DOI
- Evans, 2010, Health systems financing and the path to universal coverage, Bull World Health Org, 88, 402, 10.2471/BLT.10.078741 · DOI
- Abubakar I, Dalglish SL, Angell B, et al. The Lancet Nigeria Commission: Investing in health and the future of the nation. Lancet (in press).
- Agyepong, 2017, The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet, 390, 2803, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31509-X · DOI · Paper page
- Matzopoulos, 2010, Applying upstream interventions for interpersonal violence prevention: an uphill struggle in low-to middle-income contexts, Health Pol, 97, 62, 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.03.003 · DOI
- Forjuoh, 2003, Traffic-related injury prevention interventions for low-income countries, J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 10, 109, 10.1076/icsp.10.1.109.14115 · DOI
- Stevenson, 2008, Reducing the burden of road traffic injury: translating high-income country interventions to middle-income and low-income countries, Injur Prevent, 14, 284, 10.1136/ip.2008.018820 · DOI
- Aggarwal, 2021, Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in low-income and middle-income countries: systematic review and theory of change, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 1, 1
- Arthur, 2017, The effects of health expenditure on health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Afr Dev Rev, 29, 524, 10.1111/1467-8268.12287 · DOI
- Kiross, 2020, The effects of health expenditure on infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data analysis, Health Econ Rev, 10, 1, 10.1186/s13561-020-00262-3 · DOI
- Bein, 2017, Healthcare spending and health outcomes: evidence from selected east African countries, Afr Health Sci, 17, 247, 10.4314/ahs.v17i1.30 · DOI
- Rahman, 2018, Health care expenditure and health outcome nexus: new evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN region, Glob Health, 14, 1, 10.1186/s12992-018-0430-1 · DOI
- Akinyemi, 2018, Typhoid fever: tracking the trend in Nigeria, Am J Trop Med, 99, 41, 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0045 · DOI
- Popoola, 2019, Bacteremia among febrile patients attending selected healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria, Clin Infect Dis, 69, S466, 10.1093/cid/ciz516 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adoghe, O. B., Ikharo, B., & Amhenrior, H. (2026) · Research Square (preprint) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8821192/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Angell, B., Sanuade, O., Adetifa, I. M. O., Okeke, I. N., Adamu, A. L., Aliyu, M. H., Ameh, E. A., Kyari, F., Gadanya, M. A., Mabayoje, D. A., Yinka-Ogunleye, A., Oni, T., Jalo, R. I., Tsiga-Ahmed, F. I., Dalglish, S. L., Abimbola, S., Colbourn, T., Onwujekwe, O., Owoaje, E. T., Aliyu, G., Aliyu, S. H., Archibong, B., Ezeh, A., Ihekweazu, C., Iliyasu, Z., Obaro, S., Obadare, E. B., Okonofua, F., Pate, M., Salako, B. L., Zanna, F. H., Glenn, S., Walker, A., Ezalarab, M., Naghavi, M., & Abubakar, I.
- Affiliations
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Lagos (NG)
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- National Hospital Abuja (NG)
- University of Abuja (NG)
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (NG)
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NG)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Nigeria (NG)
- National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NG)
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Barnard College (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- University of Medical Sciences, Ondo (NG)
- World Bank (US)
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NG)
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Abubakar, Ibrahim
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 399
- Issue
- 10330
- Pages
- 1117-1129
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC8943279
- OpenAlex
- W4220671587
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0616-10037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Keywords
- Nigeria, West Africa, mortality trends, years of life lost, years lived with disability, healthy life expectancy, health care costs, health system coverage, malaria, neonatal diseases, under-five mortality, gender differences in mortality, disability-adjusted life years, risk factors, life expectancy, health policy evidence, global health disparities, health care financing
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Population Health, Africa, Western, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Nigeria
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
