The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ASTHMA OUTBREAK DURING A THUNDERSTORM
Abstract
An outbreak of acute asthma occurred in Birmingham and the surrounding area on July 6 and 7, 1983. In most patients symptoms began at the time of sudden climatic changes associated with a thunderstorm. Air pollution was not a factor. The large and sudden increase in numbers of airborne fungal spores, especially Didymella exitialis and Sporobolomyces, around the time of the outbreak suggests that they may have been partly contributory, although a direct causal effect has not yet been established.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Fungal spore allergens may also be involved (133, 134).”
From Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults (2019) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, high concentrations of outdoor fungal/mold exposure on peak days have been linked to asthma exacerbation and mortality in adults (103, 133, 134).”
From Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults (2019) · cites this paper as [133]
Citations
Cites
AN AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC SPORE TRAP
Hirst, J. M. (1952) · Annals of Applied Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1952.tb00904.x · Cited by 1,818
The Microbiology of the Atmosphere
Kramer, C. L., & Gregory, P. H. (1974) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758380 · Cited by 983
MORTALITY IN THE LONDON FOG INCIDENT, 1952
Logan, W. P. D. (1953) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(53)91012-5 · Cited by 476
Changes in atmospheric spore content: Diurnal periodicity and the effects of weather
Hirst, J. M. (1953) · Transactions of the British Mycological Society · doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(53)80034-3 · Cited by 405
Influence of heat and humidity on the airway obstruction induced by exercise in asthma.
Strauss, R. H., McFadden, E. R., Ingram, R. H., Deal, E. C., & Jaeger, J. J. (1978) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108954 · Cited by 289
Salvaggio, J. E., & Aukrust, L. (1981) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(81)90131-7 · Cited by 285
MECHANISM OF PERENNIAL ALLERGIC ASTHMA
Cockcroft, D. W. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90235-0 · Cited by 183
Salvaggio, J. E., Seabury, J. H., & Schoenhardt, E. A. (1971) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(71)90091-1 · Cited by 149
HAMILTON, E. D. (1959) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1959.tb02761.x · Cited by 138
Seasonal variation and time trends in childhood asthma in England and Wales 1975-81.
Khot, A., Burn, R., Evans, N., Lenney, C. A., & Lenney, W. (1984) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6439.235 · Cited by 122
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 1985, Lancet, i, 1079
- Birch, 1983, Asthma and the weather, Lancet, ii, 630
- Wright, 1965, Research in general practice: The Queensland asthma survey, Medical World, 102, 130
- Pepys, 1975, State of the art. Bronchial provocation tests in etiologic diagnosis and analysis of asthma, Am Rev Resp Dis, 112, 829
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–256 of 256
Sleepwalking as a symptom of bulimia.
Bell, J. A., & Tomkinson, J. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1239 · Cited by 3
Akiyama, K., & Taniguchi, M. (2009) · Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.3314/jjmm.50.123 · Cited by 3
Thibaudon, M., Sauleau, E., Oliver, G., Poirot, A., Heaulme, R., Harscoat, S., & Frederic de, B. L. A. Y. (2014) · Revue française d'allergologie · doi:10.1016/j.reval.2014.01.025 · Cited by 3
AEROALLERGENS IN AN ASTHMA OUTBREAK
Packe, G. E., & Ayres, J. G. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91260-2 · Cited by 3
Self-citationDevelopment of respiratory symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in infancy
Landau, L. I. (1992) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.1992.tb00028.x · Cited by 3
Facteurs de risque des allergies graves
Dutau, G. (2004) · Revue Française d Allergologie et d Immunologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.allerg.2004.01.008 · Cited by 3
Ayres, J. G. (1992) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.47.10.843 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe mechanism and prevention strategies of thunderstorm asthma
Tong, X., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-1326 · Cited by 2
Liu, M., Ye, W., Liu, X., Gao, N., & Hao, W. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605261424048 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Allergic Airway Disease
Middleton, J., & Rorie, A. C. (2026) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-026-01261-w · Cited by 3
Hao, W., Ye, W., Liu, X., & Gao, N. (2026) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000551697 · Cited by 2
Miao, Q., Hou, X., Xiang, L., Zhang, T., & Liu, C. (2026) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.70349 · Cited by 2
Climate change and respiratory allergic diseases
Kim, S., & Yoon, H. J. (2011) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2011.54.2.161 · Cited by 3
The natural environment as a disaster hazard
Finnigan, G. A. (2019) · Disaster Prevention and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/dpm-09-2019-0294 · Cited by 3
Les exacerbations de l’asthme de l’adulte en questions
Montani, D., Cavailles, A., Bertoletti, L., Botelho, A., Cortot, A. B., Taillé, C., Marchand-Adam, S., Pinot, D., CHOUAID, C., Crestani, B., et al. (2010) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2010.10.005 · Cited by 6
Wetterbedingungen und Klimawandel nehmen Einfluss auf Allergien
Bergmann, K. (2016) · Allergo Journal · doi:10.1007/s15007-016-1126-6 · Cited by 2
Häggblom, M. M., Hjelmroos-Koski, M., Macher, J. M., & Heikkinen, M. S. A. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203493182.ch13 · Cited by 2
Kimbell-Dunn, M., Pearce, N. E., & Beasley, R. W. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012288145-9/50065-6 · Cited by 2
Idani, ., Dastoorpoor, M., Goudarzi, G., Shoushtari, M. H., & Raji, H. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
VARIATIONS IN THUNDER ACTIVITY AT THESSALONIKI, GREECE
Flocas, A. A., & Giles, B. D. (1989) · Weather · doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1989.tb05021.x · Cited by 2
Bronchial Asthma and the Environment
(1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90305-3 · Cited by 2
A Fungal Spore Calendar for England: Analysis of 13 years of Daily Concentrations at Leicester, UKPreprint
Symon, F. A., Anees‐Hill, S., Satchwell, J., Fairs, A., Edwards, R., Wardlaw, A. J., Cuthbertson, L., Hansell, A., & Pashley, C. H. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571848 · Cited by 2
Análise de dados meteorológicos e de internações por pneumonia no município de Santarém – PA
Alves, D. R., Freitas, B. D. S., dos Reis, M. A. G., Gomes, A. C. D. S., & Alves, D. M. R. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Climatologia · doi:10.55761/abclima.v32i19.16404 · Cited by 1
Climate change and thunderstorm asthma in children: challenges and responses
Han, P., & Shen, K. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-025-01012-3 · Cited by 1
Epidemic Thunderstorm Asthma in China: A Systematic Review of an Artemisia-Associated Phenotype
Cui, L., Lyu, X., Mazin, L., Geng, Z., Tang, R., Zhao, W., & Sun, J. (2026) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-026-09194-y · Cited by 1
Thibaudon, M., Poirot, A., & Frederic de, B. L. A. Y. (2011) · Revue française d'allergologie · doi:10.1016/j.reval.2011.06.001 · Cited by 1
Yamamoto, N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824411-1.00004-1 · Cited by 1
Tebbi, C. K., Sahakian, E., Shah, B. D., Yan, J., Mediavilla-Varela, M., & Patel, S. J. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020488 · Cited by 1
Life-threatening respiratory diseases or allergies in sport
Drobnic, F., Sala-Cunill, A., Labrador‐Horrillo, M., Unnithan, V. B., & Cardona, V. (2015) · Apunts Medicina de l"Esport (English Edition) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Fungus Spores on Asthma
Mustafa, M. (2017) · Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology Open Access · doi:10.15406/jbmoa.2017.05.00163 · Cited by 1
Indoor airborne fungi as risk factors in IgE-mediated respiratory allergy
Barkova, T., Comtois, P., Chad, Z. H., Weisnagel, J., Caron, A., Carpio, J. D., Dorval, G., Schulz, J., Umemoto, L., Charbonneau, Y., et al. (1995) · Aerobiologia · doi:10.1007/bf02738277 · Cited by 1
Serum concentrations of sex hormone binding globulin in lung cancer
Dowsett, M., Pearce, S., Hendrick, A. M., & Harris, A. L. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1238-c · Cited by 1
Fungi In Asthma - Investigation Of The Lung Mycobiome And Characterisation Of Allergens
Rick, E. (2019) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) · Cited by 1
Airborne Crystals of Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate — A New Air Pollutant
Brown, H. M., & Jackson, F. A. (1987) · Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7491-5_44 · Cited by 1
Outdoor Allergens: Pollens and Molds and Their Relationship to Climate Changes
Gennaro, D. A., Annesi‐Maesano, I., & Maria, D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102723-3.00062-7 · Cited by 1
(1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90658-2 · Cited by 1
Is Air Pollution Important in Asthma?
Chauhan, A. J. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470693889.ch4
Serious Infections Caused by Uncommon Yeasts
Maenza, J. R., & Merz, W. G. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470688618.taw0158
Asthma and climatic conditions: experience from Bermuda.
Ayres, J. G., & Packe, G. E. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1239-a
Self-citationAgudización grave del asma y cumplimiento de la medicación
Morell, F. (2003) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(03)74079-2
Allergen avoidance in asthma management
Buck, S. (1996) · British Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjch.1996.1.7.7540
Alergia a polen de pino: ¿sólo en Euskadi?
Gastaminza, G. (2003) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Enfermedades de origen atmosférico
Pérez, D. E. (2002) · Monografías de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia
Seasonal patterns ofasthma exacerbations
Johnston, N. W., & Sears, M. R. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b14633-6
Deba, F. A., Okpanachi, I. Y., & Ezra, A. G. (2018) · GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.30574/gscbps.2018.5.2.0112
D’Amato, G., & D’Amato, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8_20
Climate change and its impact on the development of allergic diseases
Nazarova, E. V. (2021) · Russian Journal of Allergy · doi:10.36691/rja1386 · Cited by 1
김상헌, & 윤호주 (2011)
Thunderstorm—Asthma: Thunderstorm and Asthma in Allergic-Atopic Subjects
D’Amato, G., Annesi‐Maesano, I., & Maria, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11501-6
Picado, C. (1992) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.47.10.843-a
(1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90870-9
Environmental Effects on the Prevalence of Allergies
Валерьевна, Н. Е. (2024) · Russian Meteorology and Hydrology · doi:10.3103/s1068373924020043
トピックス1 屋外環境因子と喘息の予防・管理 : 喘息増悪への影響に関するエビデンスと調査研究の試み(X.アレルギー疾患の早期治療介入,専門医のためのアレルギー学講座)
中村, 陽., & 遠藤, 順. (2011) · アレルギー · doi:10.15036/arerugi.60.1505
Extreme weather and pediatric respiratory health: insights from GINA 2025
Han, P., & Shen, K. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-026-01033-6
A Scoping Review of Risk Factors for Thunderstorm Asthma in Pediatric Patients
Foster, S., Antova, N., & Usher, A. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.115107
Ilias, Ι., Retalis, D., Ilias, D., & Filippou, N. (1999) · Aerobiologia · doi:10.1023/a:1007543627040
Metadata
- Authors
- Packe, G. E., & Ayres, J.
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 8448
- Pages
- 199-204
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2104362377
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Keywords
- thunderstorms, acute asthma, climate change, airborne fungal spores, Sporobolomyces, air pollution, Birmingham
- MeSH terms
- Air Microbiology, Air Pollution, Asthma, Disease Outbreaks, Fungi, Humans, Pollen, Rain, Weather
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review