The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Air-side thermal hydraulic performance of multi-louvered fin aluminum heat exchangers
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This experimental study measured air-side heat transfer and pressure drop for 45 multi-louvered fin and flat-tube aluminum heat exchangers over louver angles of 15–29°, fin pitches of 1.0/1.2/1.4 mm, flow depths of 16/20/24 mm, and air-side Reynolds numbers based on louver pitch of 100–600. General Colburn j and Fanning friction f correlations were developed with rms errors of ±14.5% and ±7%, respectively.
Key findings
- Heat transfer coefficients decrease with flow depth and increase with face air velocity; pressure drops increase with flow depth and air velocity. For 24 mm flow depth, heat transfer coefficients increase with louver angle up to a maximum at 27° and then decrease; for 16 mm flow depth they do not change much with louver angle.
- Friction factors increase with louver angle, but the effect decreases for louver angles larger than 21°. For louver angles below 19°, heat transfer coefficients decrease with fin pitch; for louver angles larger than 23°, they increase with fin pitch. The effect of fin spacing on heat transfer is relatively small (2–15%) and depends on flow depth and Reynolds number.
- The j factors for 16 and 20 mm flow depths are similar, while those for 24 mm are smaller; the f factors for 20 and 24 mm flow depths are similar, while those for 16 mm are relatively smaller. The paper attributes this partly to different tube geometry (2 mm for 20 and 24 mm flow depths and 3 mm for 16 mm).
- The j correlation predicts 225 test data points within an rms error of ±14.5%, and the f correlation within ±7%. The f correlation indicates that flow depth is an important parameter for pressure drop; the present and Sunden and Svantesson correlations reflect flow-depth effects, while other compared correlations do not.
Methods
- Tests used a suction-type wind tunnel in a constant-temperature and humidity chamber with 45 multi-louvered fin and flat-tube heat exchangers. Louver pitch, louver length, and fin height were 1.7, 6.4, and 8.15 mm; tested core size was 350×255 mm; tube pitches were 11.15 and 10.15 mm.
- Test conditions were air-side Reynolds numbers based on louver pitch and maximum velocity of 100–600, a constant tube-side water flow rate of 0.32 m³/h, and inlet air and water temperatures of 21°C and 45°C. Data were reduced using the effectiveness-NTU method for cross-flow with both fluids unmixed, and results were expressed as Colburn j and Fanning friction f factors versus Reynolds number based on louver pitch.
- Measurement uncertainties were less than ±3% for heat transfer rate, ±12% for heat transfer coefficients, and ±10% for pressure drops.
Limitations
- The paper states no dedicated limitations section. Stated constraints include that the j and f correlations were developed from 225 test data points for Fp/Lp < 1, with rms errors of ±14.5% and ±7%, and that tests covered only air-side Reynolds numbers of 100–600, a water flow rate of 0.32 m³/h, and inlet air/water temperatures of 21°C/45°C.
- Evident from the text: the 45 samples cover limited geometry ranges (louver angles 15–29°, fin pitches 1.0–1.4 mm, flow depths 16–24 mm), so extrapolation beyond these configurations and test conditions is not supported. Comparisons with other correlations use only two sample heat exchangers (type I and type II), and some explanations for differences among correlations are described as difficult to explain.
- The published record includes an erratum correcting Figs. 9 and 11 of the original paper.
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Claims the paper makes
16 Own result · 7 No basis given · 5 Own interpretation · 4 Own method · 3 Sources not found · 3 Not checked yet · 2 No full text of the sources
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect of louver angle on the heat transfer coefficients depends on flow depth”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 20 mm flow depth, the effect of louver angle on the heat transfer and pressure drop varies with face velocity. It decreases with face air velocity due to more mixing for larger face velocities.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pressure drops for all flow depths increase with louver angle”
- Also stated in: § 4. Concluding remarks · p. 10 · plain
“Pressure drops increase with louver angle and flow depth and decrease with increasing fin pitch.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § 4. Concluding remarks · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 16 mm flow depth, heat transfer coefficients do not change much with louver angle.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These heat transfer behaviors with fin pitch are different, compared to the conventional finned tube heat exchangers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pressure drops increase with louver angle and flow depth and decrease with increasing fin pitch.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for louver angle larger than 23 heat transfer coefficients increase with fin pitch”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present correlation predicts the test data within rms error of 14.5%.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The correlation and test data are in good agreement within rms error of 7%.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of fin spacing on the pressure drop decreases with louver angle.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Friction factors increase with louver angle, but the effect of louver angle on the f factor decreases for louver angles larger than 21”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for 24 mm flow depth, heat transfer coefficients increase with louver angle, have a maximum at 27 , and again decrease with louver angle”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the pressure drops increase with flow depth and air velocity”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the heat transfer coefficients decrease with flow depth and increase with face velocity”
- Also stated in: § 4. Concluding remarks · p. 10 · plain
“Heat transfer coefficients decrease with flow depth and increase exponentially with face air velocity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Concluding remarks · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The j factor increases with louver angle, but its effect on the j factor varies with flow depth.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the j factors for F d=16 and 20 mm are similar and for F d=24 mm are smaller”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of louver angle on heat transfer is different according to flow depth, fin spacing and Reynolds number, but the effect of fin spacing is relatively small.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for F d=24 mm, j factor increases with louver angle for L a 4 27 , and decreases with louver angle for L a >27”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of fin spacing on the heat transfer is relatively small (2-15%) and depends on flow depth and Reynolds number.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the f factors for F d=20 and 24 mm are similar and for F d=16 mm are relatively smaller than those of larger flow depth”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The present, Sunden and Svantesson's [13] and Chang and Wang's correlations [16] reflect the effect of different flow depths, while the other correlations have the similar j factors for both heat exchangers since the flow depth is not included in their correlations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] Sunden B, Svantesson J. Correlation of j- and f-factors for multilouvered heat transfer surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 3rd UK National Conference on Heat Transfer, 1992. pp. 805-11.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Chang, 1997, A generalized heat transfer correlation for louvered fin geometry, Int. J. Heat Transfer source
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The present and Sunden and Svantesson's [13] correlations reflect the effect of flow depth on the pressure drop, while other correlations do not reflect.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] Sunden B, Svantesson J. Correlation of j- and f-factors for multilouvered heat transfer surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 3rd UK National Conference on Heat Transfer, 1992. pp. 805-11.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The air-side thermal-hydraulic performance of multilouvered fin and flat tube heat exchangers depends on louver geometry such as fin and louver pitches, louver angle, and flow depth.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All louver geometries were checked before brazing and overall heat exchanger quality after brazing was excellent.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the general f correlation for the pressure drop is not available in the open literature.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Reynolds number and louver angle are small and the ratio of fin pitch to louver pitch is large, friction loss along the flow depth becomes less significant so the airflow becomes duct-directed. This decrease of flow efficiency causes the heat transfer coefficient to decrease.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“indicating that Davenport's correlation [3] is more suitable for the heat exchangers with larger flow depth and does not reflect the effect of flow depth.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Davenport, 1983, Correlation for heat transfer and friction characteristics of louvered fin, AICHE Sym. Ser.
hedgedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multi-louver fin and flat tube heat exchanger is one of the potential alternatives for replacing conventional finned tube heat exchangers [1].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Webb RL. Advances in air-cooled heat exchanger technology. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Exchangers for Sustainable Development, Lisbon, Portugal, 1998. p. 677–92.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“uncertainties for the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were 12 and 10%, respectively [24].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Moffat, 1988, Describing the uncertainties in experimental results, Exp. Thermal and Fluid Sci. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As can be seen from the previously discussed four correlations, all the correlations by Chang and co-works and Kim and Bullard can only correlate less than 67% (as low as 36.56%) of the current experimental data with a deviation of ± 25%.”
From A heat transfer and friction factor correlation for low air-side Reynolds number applications of compact heat exchangers (1535-RP) (2017) · cites this paper as Kim and Bullard (2002)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Also, Kim and Bullard [61] presented fluid-flow and heat transfer correlations for dry air using 40 configurations.”
From Compact and microchannel heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of air-side friction factor and heat transfer correlations (2018) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2.3. Test condition and method · p. 4
“| 16 | 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 | 11.15 | 8 | 23, 25, 27, 29 |”
§ 3.1. Heat transfer correlation · p. 9
“| I | 23 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 8.15 | 10.15 | 16 | 0.1 |”
Citations
Cites
Describing the uncertainties in experimental results
Moffat, R. J. (1988) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/0894-1777(88)90043-x · Cited by 9,860
Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer
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Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
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(1978) · Cited by 1,056
A generalized heat transfer correlation for Iouver fin geometry
Chang, Y.-J., & Wang, C.-C. (1997) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/0017-9310(96)00116-0 · Cited by 493
Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flat tube and louvered plate fin surfaces
Achaichia, A., & Cowell, T. A. (1988) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/0894-1777(88)90032-5 · Cited by 235
Flow structure in the louvered fin heat exchanger geometry
Webb, R. L., & Trauger, P. (1991) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/0894-1777(91)90065-y · Cited by 119
Air Side Performance of Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers
Chang, Y., & Wang, C. (1996) · Enhanced heat transfer/Journal of enhanced heat transfer · doi:10.1615/jenhheattransf.v3.i1.20 · Cited by 93
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Webb RL. Advances in air-cooled heat exchanger technology. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Exchangers for Sustainable Development, Lisbon, Portugal, 1998. p. 677–92.
- Davenport CJ. Heat transfer and fluid flow in louvered triangular ducts. PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lanchester Polytechnic, 1980.
- Davenport, 1983, Correlation for heat transfer and friction characteristics of louvered fin, AICHE Sym. Ser., 79, 19
- Achaichia A. The performance of louvered tube-and-plate fin heat transfer surface. PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Brighton Polytechnic, 1987.
- Webb, 1992, Air-side performance of enhanced brazed aluminum heat exchangers, ASHRAE Trans., 98, 391
- Rugh, 1992, A study of a very compact heat exchanger used for passenger compartment heating in automobiles, ASME Symp. Ser. HTD-Vol. 201, 15-24
- Sunden B, Svantesson J. Correlation of j- and f-factors for multilouvered heat transfer surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 3rd UK National Conference on Heat Transfer, 1992. pp. 805-11.
- Rich, 1973, The effect of fin spacing of the heat transfer and friction performance of multi-row, smooth plate fin-and-tube heat exchangers, ASHRAE Trans., 79, 137
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BackgroundOliet, C., Segarra, C. D. P., & Oliva, A. (2008) · Heat Transfer Engineering · doi:10.1080/01457630701851164 · Cited by 17
Luo, X., Qiu, G., Qi, J., Chen, J., Wang, C., Yang, Z., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.050 · Cited by 17
Wan, R., Wang, Y., Кавтарадзе, Р. З., Ji, H., & He, X. (2019) · Experimental Heat Transfer · doi:10.1080/08916152.2019.1570985 · Cited by 17
“The Kim correlation calculation results are significantly different from the experimental data of this study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeng, J. (2017) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.09.066 · Cited by 16
“3 Model validation 283 The experimental data from Kim and Bullard [9] is chosen to carry out the CFD 284 model validation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFugmann, H., Lauro, P. D., Sawant, A., & Schnabel, L. (2018) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en11051322 · Cited by 16
“The louvered fins show the thermo-hydraulic performance expected for the specific geometry based on literature data in [23].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOh, S. H., Lee, S. H., Lee, D., Moon, S. H., & Kim, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121460 · Cited by 16
Modeling and output feedback control of automotive air conditioning system
Zhang, Q., & Canova, M. (2015) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.005 · Cited by 15
Luo, W., Yang, Z., Jiao, K., Zhang, Y., & Du, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.093 · Cited by 15
Yoo, B. K., Kim, M. S., Bang, Y. I., Kim, J., & Kim, T. K. (2022) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.08.021 · Cited by 15
Self-citationShojaeefard, . H., Zare, J., & Nourbakhsh, S. D. (2016) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.09.005 · Cited by 15
Modeling air-to-air plate-fin heat exchanger without dehumidification
Zhou, G., Ye, Y., Wang, J., Zuo, W., Fu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2018) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.064 · Cited by 15
Louvered fin compact heat exchanger: a comprehensive review
Dodiya, K., Bhatt, N., & Lai, F. (2020) · International Journal of Ambient Energy · doi:10.1080/01430750.2020.1839549 · Cited by 9
“Many researchers have investigated the effect of the ratio of fin pitch to louvere pitch and flow depths in the range of 13–44 mm. Kim and Bullard (2002) studied the thermal hydraulic effect on different louvered fin heat exchanger cores and showed that flow depth was one of the critical parameters…”
InfluentialAscione, F., Colonna, P., & Servi, C. D. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121261 · Cited by 14
Working Fluid Selection and Optimal Power-to-Weight Ratio for ORC in Long-Haul Trucks
Pili, R., Pastrana, J. D. C., Romagnoli, A., Spliethoff, H., & Wieland, C. M. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.116 · Cited by 14
Yang, J., Yu, B., & Chen, J. (2019) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.017 · Cited by 14
Condenser cooling technologies for concentrating solar power plants: a review
Aseri, T. K., Sharma, C., & Kandpal, T. C. (2021) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01678-5 · Cited by 14
“…the fluid (water/steam) inside of the finned tubes, Colburn factor, Nusselt number and friction factor usually denote heat, momentum, and mass transfer for finned tubes of dry-cooled condenser (Kim & Bullard, 2002; Pongsoi et al., 2013; Ryu & Lee, 2015; Wen & Ho, 2009; Wongwises & Chokeman, 2005).”
BackgroundGiuffre’, A., Ascione, F., Servi, C. D., & Pini, M. (2023) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2023.03.019 · Cited by 14
Thermal characteristics of louvered fins with a low-reynolds number flow
Vorayos, N., & Kiatsiriroat, T. (2010) · Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12206-010-0310-y · Cited by 14
Battery heating strategy to enhance fast-charge performance at low temperatures
Kim, S., Jung, M., Ku, D., Seo, K., Lee, S.-W., & Kim, M. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126155 · Cited by 13
Self-citationYang, Y., Zou, H., Gu, X., Yang, T., & Tian, C. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121142 · Cited by 13
Thermodynamic design of a mesoscale vapor compression cooling device
Yee, R. P., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2018) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.073 · Cited by 13
Westhaeuser, J., Schulze, C., Albrecht, J.-C., Tegethoff, W., Lemke, N., & Koehler, J. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120140 · Cited by 12
Zhang, J.-L., Hu, X.-J., Luo, Y., Hui, Z., Wang, J.-Y., & Yu, T. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Science · doi:10.1007/s11630-023-1763-5 · Cited by 10
Wang, N., Guo, Y., Yu, H., & Shao, S. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123327 · Cited by 12
Assessment of the heat transfer efficiency of perforated louvered fins for improved drainage
Qin, Z., Wang, H., Liu, S., Wei, H., & Hu, G. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125654 · Cited by 12
Zou, S., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111235 · Cited by 12
Effect of periodic reverse flow on the heat transfer performance of microchannel evaporators
Li, H., & Hrnjak, P. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.08.017 · Cited by 12
Multi-Dimensional Performance Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Surface Enhancements
Fugmann, H., Laurenz, E., & Schnabel, L. (2019) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en12071406 · Cited by 12
“Definition of geometrical parameters for a multi-louvered fin heat exchanger [15].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnalysis on the waste heat recovery in a light duty vehicle
Galloni, E. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121696 · Cited by 12
Liu, L., Zhang, Q., Ling, L., & Ma, X. (2020) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.035 · Cited by 12
Lei, Q., Song, X., Yu, B., Liu, C., Shi, J., & Chen, J. (2023) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2023.04.011 · Cited by 11
Yuan, L., Yu, J., & Qian, S. (2019) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.09.010 · Cited by 11
Size effects of a portable two-phase electronics cooling loop
Saenen, T., & Baelmans, M. (2012) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.048 · Cited by 11
“For the convective he at transfer coe fficient to the air, the correlation by Kim and Bullard is used [41].”
MethodEffect of refrigerant thermophysical properties on flow reversal in microchannel evaporators
Li, H., & Hrnjak, P. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.10.042 · Cited by 11
Kim, Y. J., Doo, J. H., Ha, M. Y., Son, S. W., Kim, J. K., & Lee, S. H. (2015) · Journal of computational fluids engineering · doi:10.6112/kscfe.2015.20.1.065 · Cited by 10
Chen, C., Diao, Y. H., Zhao, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, T., Liang, L., & Zhang, Y. B. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102422 · Cited by 10
Zou, S., Zhang, Q., & Yue, C. (2024) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2024.104360 · Cited by 10
Comparison of the transient behavior of microchannel and fin-and-tube evaporators
Mader, G., Fösel, G. P. F., & Larsen, L. (2011) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.01.011 · Cited by 12
Antonijević, D. (2013) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/s00231-012-1073-z · Cited by 11
Türkakar, G., Okutucu-Özyurt, T., & Kandlikar, S. G. (2016) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.06.028 · Cited by 10
Dividing air handling loads into different grades and handling air with different grade energies
Zheng, G., & Li, X. (2020) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x20961508 · Cited by 10
You, Y., Wu, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, A., Zeng, X., & Shen, X. (2018) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.05.014 · Cited by 10
Duan, X., Liu, X., Huang, X., Wang, Y., & Ding, C. (2025) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109086 · Cited by 9
Choi, H., Kim, H., Lee, S., Choi, K., Jung, Y., & Lee, H. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120961 · Cited by 9
Asadi, M., Sundén, B., & Xie, G. (2018) · Heat Transfer Engineering · doi:10.1080/01457632.2017.1312881 · Cited by 9
“Kim and Lee [22], Kim and Bullard [23], and Wang et al. [24] conducted similar research about the influences of louver pitch, fin pitch, louver height and louver angle on heat transfer and pressure drop performance.”
BackgroundQasem, N. A. A., Al-Ghamdi, A. A., & Zubair, S. M. (2018) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.12.030 · Cited by 9
An Experimental Study of Liquid-Phase Heat Transfer in Multiport Minichannel Tubes
Stignor, C. H., Sunden, B. A., & Fahlén, P. (2009) · Heat Transfer Engineering · doi:10.1080/01457630902837426 · Cited by 9
“Another correlation for multiport rectangular tubes was presented in a paper by Kim and Bullard [24].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhi, C., Wang, X., & Liu, Y.-W. (2023) · Thermal Science · doi:10.2298/tsci230327147z · Cited by 6
“Qi et al. [8] concluded the contribution ratios of different factors by Taguchi methodology based on the database from Kim and Bullard [7], and believed that the ratio of fin pitch to fin thickness is a very important factor.”
BackgroundMethodOff-design performance of a louvered fin-tube heater core in an automotive climate control system
Bhaiyat, T. I., Schekman, S. W., Lim, H.-H., Jeon, Y. H., & Kim, T. (2019) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114155 · Cited by 8
Erbay, L. B. (2015) · Journal of Thermal Engineering · doi:10.18186/jte.75123 · Cited by 7
“Kim and Bullard [3] investigated the air-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of multi-louvered fin and flat-tube heat exchangers experimentally.”
BackgroundStudy of annual performance and capacity of data center passive cooling mode
Sbaity, A. A., Louahlia, H., & Masson, S. L. (2021) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.7421 · Cited by 7
Application of distributed parameter model in thermal management of microchannel loop heat pipe
Sheng, L., Tian, Z., Xu, P., Han, C., & Chen, Z. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121243 · Cited by 7
Kim, N.-H., Kim, D. Y., Choi, Y.-M., & Byun, H.-W. (2009) · Journal of Thermal Science and Technology · doi:10.1299/jtst.4.350 · Cited by 7
Okbaz, A., Olcay, A., Cellek, M. S., & Pınarbaşı, A. (2017) · EPJ Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/epjconf/201714302084 · Cited by 9
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Wearable Cooling System
Ernst, T. C. (2005) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 7
Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of a Corrugated Cooling Fin with Louvered Surfaces
Sønderby, S. K., Mirhosseini, M., Rezania, A., & Rosendahl, L. A. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.328 · Cited by 6
Wang, Y., Huang, X., Chu, J., Du, Y. S., Tang, X., Dai, C., & Ma, G. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15239056 · Cited by 6
Laminar-flow Liquid-to-air Heat Exchangers - Energy-efficient Display Cabinet Applications
Stignor, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 6
A comparative analysis on the shed vortices from the wake of finned, foam-wrapped cylinders
Khashehchi, M., Abdi, I. A., & Hooman, K. (2017) · Fluid Dynamics Research · doi:10.1088/1873-7005/aa73cd · Cited by 6
“However, these extra surfaces cause a significant growth in pressure drop, consequently, the total efficiency of the heat exchanger could drop (Cavallini et al 2000, RomeroMéndez et al 2000, Kim and Bullard 2002, Torii et al 2002).”
BackgroundHeat flux variation between neighboring channels in compact minichannel heat exchangers
Khovalyg, D. M., Hrnjak, P., & Jacobi, A. M. (2018) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.079 · Cited by 6
Multifidelity simulation of underhood thermal system for a bus engine
Karamanos, K., Afrasiabian, E., Kim, S. I., Douglas, R., & Mahmoudi, Y. (2021) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117707 · Cited by 6
Zeng, L., Liu, X., Zhang, Q., Yi, J., Li, X., Liu, X., & Su, H. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10041255 · Cited by 6
“Heat Transfer Model of Air Side of Evaporator The air side heat transfer coefficient is calculated by the J-factor correlation proposed by Kim Bullard [31], and the formula is as follows: ha = jρvcp,a Pra2/3 = j Pra2/3 ρvPl µa cp,aµa Pra Pra Pl = jReaPra1/3 λa Pl (15) j = Rea−0.487( θ 90 ) 0.27 ( P f Pl ) −0.14 ( H f…”
MethodInfluentialExperimental Investigation and Comparison on Fin Surfaces Performance of Flat Tube Heat Exchangers
Dong, J. Q., Chen, Q., & Wei, W. J. (2011) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.389 · Cited by 6
“These study results about hydraulic performance of these high effective fin surface can be gotten from public papers [1,2,3].”
BackgroundDoğan, B., Ozturk, M. M., & Turhan, L. (2025) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102242 · Cited by 5
Design and performance optimization of microchannel condensers for electric vehicles
Liu, N., Li, H., Li, K., Fang, Y., Su, L., Zhang, H., & Jin, X. (2021) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.6576 · Cited by 5
The Influence of Ejector’s Structure Parameters on the Performance of Ejector Refrigeration System
Hu, W., Wang, M.-Y., Nie, J., Gao, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Procedia Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.197 · Cited by 5
Thermo-hydraulic performance assessment of a compact heat exchanger by varying plate fins
Ozturk, M., Doğan, B., & Erbay, L. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications · doi:10.1109/icrera.2017.8191145 · Cited by 2
Influence of fin thickness on heat transfer and flow performance of a parallel flow evaporator
Li, H., Liu, E., Zhou, G., Yang, F., Su, Z., Xu, Y., Jian, C., & Shi, S. (2019) · Thermal Science · doi:10.2298/tsci1904413l · Cited by 5
“[5] carried out experimental study of 45 kinds of louver fins with different louver angles and fin spacings, and obtained the experimental correlation of heat transfer and friction factor.”
BackgroundHeat transfer efficiency enhancement using zigzag louvered fin
Wanglertpanich, K., & Kittichaikarn, C. (2020) · Numerical Heat Transfer Part A Applications · doi:10.1080/10407782.2020.1842845 · Cited by 5
A Study on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics of Radiator for Computer CPU Cooling
Cha, D.-A., Kwon, O.-K., & Yun, J.-H. (2011) · 설비공학논문집 · doi:10.6110/kjacr.2011.23.1.001 · Cited by 5
Han, Z., Han, B., Wang, Z., & Liu, H. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127985 · Cited by 4
Integrated Design Optimization of Environmental Control Systems for Next-Generation Aircraft
Giuffre’, A., Ascione, F., Colonna, P., & Servi, C. D. (2025) · Journal of Aircraft · doi:10.2514/1.c038093 · Cited by 4
Ascione, F., Giuffre’, A., Colonna, P., & Servi, C. D. (2025) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.06.015 · Cited by 4
Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Miniature Refrigeration System
Moctezuma-Hernandez, J. A., Belman-Flores, J. M., Soria-Alcaraz, J. A., Espinal-Jiménez, A., & Rubio-Maya, C. (2022) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications · doi:10.1115/1.4054070 · Cited by 4
Modeling Air Conditioning System with Storage Evaporator for Vehicle Energy Management
Zhang, Q., & Canova, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33590-2_11 · Cited by 4
Ullah, N., Ishaque, S., Kim, M.-H., & Choi, S. (2022) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines10121177 · Cited by 4
Self-citationZheng, H., Zhang, D., Sheng, W., Hao, X., Chen, X., Dang, C., & Song, M. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.133162 · Cited by 4
Johansson, M., & Eriksson, L. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18030673 · Cited by 4
Cheng, H., Yang, T., Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Ren, K., & Yuan, W. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18040923 · Cited by 4
Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Zeng, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, D., & Zhao, R. (2025) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.06.019 · Cited by 4
CFD Simulation and Experimental Study on Air-side Performance of MCHX
Tu, X., Huahe, L., & Liang, X. (2010) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 4
A comparative analysis on the velocity profile and vortex shedding of heated foamed cylinders
Abdi, I. A., Khashehchi, M., Modirshanechi, M., & Hooman, K. (2014) · Cited by 4
Hu, W., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15145252 · Cited by 4
“Kulkarni, T.; Bullard, C.W.; Cho, K. Header design tradeoffs in microchannel evaporators.”
BackgroundInfluentialNguyen, T., & Dang, T. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13101648 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, M.-H., & Bullard, C. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Man-Hoe
- ORCID
- Kim, Man-Hoe
- Venue
- International Journal of Refrigeration
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 390-400
- ISSN
- 0140-7007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066694433
- Semantic Scholar
- 49cfbe56084c4f5d7d84db303ee3d9a6eff9b535
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Refrigeration (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Keywords
- louvered fin heat exchanger, aluminum heat exchangers, air-side heat transfer, pressure drop, fin angle, fin spacing, flow depth, Colburn j-factor, Fanning friction factor, heat transfer coefficient, cross-flow heat exchanger, effectiveness-NTU method, flat tube heat exchanger, air-to-water heat exchanger
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