The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Design and other types of fixation
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“While prior work has extensively documented what usability issues experts identify [35, 52], far less is known about how experts reason through these issues across stages of perception, interpretation, and projection [43, 76].”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“Prior research shows that when these stages are disrupted, people tend to fi xate and explore less effectively; conversely, scaffolding the cycle from perception through comprehension to projection can broaden search and improve outcomes [43, 46, 76].”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“Creative design processes are subject to measurable fixation effects [21, 42, 71], through which the final proposed solutions to a design problem are inappropriately constrained by features of earlier solution candidates [2]”
From Homogenization Effects of Large Language Models on Human Creative Ideation (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
Citations
Cites
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Artificial Intelligence in Design ’92
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Self-citationFixation effects: do they exist in design problem solving?
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Items 301–400 of 551
The Idea Arc: Designing a Visual Canvas for Fuzzy Ideas
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Exploring Students' Product Design Concept Generation and Development Practices
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“They often become fixated on a particular concept or type of concept and limit the solution exploration process [7], [10].”
BackgroundHenderson, D., Jablokow, K., Daly, S. R., McKilligan, S., Silk, E., & Bracken, J. (2018) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4042048 · Cited by 7
La conception des documents pour le Web
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Landscape Diachrony in the Design Expression for Meishan Culture Park: A Survey
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Helping students to find biological inspiration: Impact of valuableness and presentation format
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“Analogies have the potential to cause what is known as “design fixation” [9-13].”
BackgroundExamining the Effect of a Paradigm-Relatedness Problem-Framing Tool on Idea Generation
Rechkemmer, A., Makhlouf, M., Wenger, J., Silk, E., Daly, S. R., McKilligan, S., & Jablokow, K. (2018) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--28319 · Cited by 7
Chrysikou, E. G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9297-4_14 · Cited by 7
“Purcell and Gero [19] examined in more detail the role of experience in a designer’s susceptibility to fixation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAhmed, F., Chandra, N. R., Fuge, M., & Dow, S. P. (2019) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3325480.3325486 · Cited by 7
“Many methods have been proposed to decrease fixation during ideation exercises [28, 47].”
MethodInfluences of feedback interventions on student concept generation and development practices
Yılmaz, S., & Daly, S. R. (2014) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · doi:10.5703/1288284315940 · Cited by 7
Analogies in Design Decision-Making
Hassard, S. T., BLANDFORD, A. E., & Cox, A. L. (2009) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2009.16 · Cited by 7
Detecting Fixation Bias in Creative Idea Generation: Evidence from Design Novices and Experts
Camarda, A., Neys, W. D., Ozkalp-Poincloux, B., Hooge, S., Masson, P. L., Weil, B., & Cassotti, M. (2024) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2024.2424620 · Cited by 10
“…according to participants’ knowledge, the fixation effect reduces the exploration of expansive solutions, regardless of the participants’ age and expertise (Agogué et al., 2015; Camarda et al., 2017; Cassotti, Camarda, et al., 2016; Chrysikou & Weisberg, 2005; Crilly, 2015; Purcell & Gero, 1996).”
Neramballi, A., Sakao, T., & Gero, J. S. (2025) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2025.4 · Cited by 6
Self-citationBuilding from In Vivo Research to the Future of Research on Relational Thinking and Learning
Schunn, C. D. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9384-0 · Cited by 7
Lee, J. W., Daly, S. R., Vadakumcherry, V., & Rodriguez, G. (2023) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2023.26 · Cited by 6
“Novice engineers have difficulty generating and considering multiple ideas; novices often limit the diversity of ideas by focusing on a particular concept or variations of similar ideas, a term called fixation (Purcell & Gero 1996).”
BackgroundResultChanging practice and changing lenses: The evolution of ways of researching technology education
Middleton, H. (2006) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789087901042_006 · Cited by 6
Structural topology exploration through policy-based generation of equilibrium representations
Mirtsopoulos, I., & Fivet, C. (2023) · Computer-Aided Design · doi:10.1016/j.cad.2023.103518 · Cited by 8
“This tendency for premature design fixation typically results in the generation of resembling designs showcasing a lack of diversity and/or creativity [2].”
Zou, N., Zhang, X., Lou, J., Liao, J., & Chai, C. (2023) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-023-09825-x · Cited by 6
“The combination of distant concepts often leads to more innovative design results (Chrysikou & Weisberg, 2005; Perttula & Sipilä, 2007; Purcell & Gero, 1996).”
Influence of Environmental Information on Expert-perceived Creativity of Ideas
Collado‐Ruiz, D., & Ostad‐Ahmad‐Ghorabi, H. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-224-7_11 · Cited by 6
Kotys-Schwartz, D. A., Daly, S. R., McKIlligan, S., Knight, D. W., & Polmear, M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--20435 · Cited by 6
“So, generating increasingly diverse initial design ideas becomes more important for these courses, and if the students do not have specific tools for generating ideas, they are more likely to pursue their first obvious idea, creating a higher chance for failure and a lack of innovation [7-10].”
Verma, A. (2021) · Nuclear Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111114 · Cited by 6
The role of fluid intelligence in creativity: The case of bio-inspired design
Wang, H.-H., & Deng, X. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101059 · Cited by 6
Designing for privacy in interactive systems
Jensen, C., & Potts, C. (2005) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 6
Design cognition for conceptual design
Liikkanen, L. A. (2010) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University) · Cited by 6
Ebb and flow: design fixation and creativity in professional groups
Zhang, W. (2024) · Journal of Engineering Design · doi:10.1080/09544828.2024.2306783 · Cited by 6
“…embraces that design fixation occurs in both earlier and later design stages and can be induced by various sources of bias, including existing problems, solutions and prior experience (Crilly 2015, 66; Hatchuel, Le Masson, and Weil 2011; Purcell and Gero 1996; Youmans and Arciszewski 2014).”
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Using Monochromatic Design Views to Avoid a Premature Fixation on Design Solutions
Damle, A. (2010) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720810368540 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, Purcell and Gero (1996) suggest that educators often dissuade students from committing to a design solution prematurely.”
BackgroundThe Wrong Theory Protocol: A Pre-Ideation Technique to Enhance Creativity and Empathy
Svihla, V., & Kachelmeier, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--35383 · Cited by 5
“This is because fixation can make it challenging to have insight that is new [1].”
BackgroundUsing AI-Enabled Divergence and Convergence Patterns as a Quantitative Artifact in Design Education
Chiu, M., Sim, W. L., Mun, N., & Silva, A. (2023) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4064262 · Cited by 5
Evolutionary Computation and Visualisation as Decision Support Tools for Conceptual Building Design
Rafiq, Y. M. Y., Beck, M., Packham, I., & Denhan, S. (2009) · Computational science, engineering and technology series · doi:10.4203/csets.13.3 · Cited by 5
“Unfortunately, this not only deprives the designer of seeing alternative solutions, but tends to promote fixation onto a single machine-preferred solution [72].”
BackgroundViswanathan, V. K., & Linsey, J. (2014) · Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing · doi:10.1017/s0890060414000535 · Cited by 5
“…engineering design literature show that while generating ideas for design problems, designers tend to copy features from a presented example or systems they are familiar with (Jansson & Smith, 1991; Purcell & Gero, 1996; Chrysikou & Weisberg, 2005; Linsey et al., 2010; Viswanathan & Linsey, 2013a).”
Gero, J. S., & Jiang, H. (2014) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · doi:10.5703/1288284315931 · Cited by 5
Self-citationExamples galleries generated by interactive genetic algorithms
Masson, D. H., Demeure, A., & Calvary, G. (2011) · Network Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design · doi:10.1145/2079216.2079225 · Cited by 5
Paton, R., & Dorst, K. (2010) · UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) · Cited by 5
Generative Shape Design Using 3D Spatial Grammars, Simulation and Optimization
Zimmermann, L., Chen, T., & Shea, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44989-0_16 · Cited by 5
Need for Closure and individual tendency for design fixation and functional fixedness
Ho, J., & Shu, L. H. (2018) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science · doi:10.1177/0954406218792583 · Cited by 5
“Of the 30 remaining participants (12 female), the majority (22) completed or were enrolled (7) in post-graduate studies.”
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Schweitzer, F. M., & Mai, R. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.054 · Cited by 6
The Impacts of Design Heuristics on Concept Generation for a COVID-19 Brief
Jin, X., Dong, H., & Evans, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116103 · Cited by 5
Understanding the Art of Design: Tools for the Next Edisonian Innovators
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Drama, play-making and ambiguity in the early stages of design
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System User Pathways to Change
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Characterising the Creative Behaviour of Designers within the Late-Stage Engineering Design Process
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Investigating the Gap between Research and Practice in Additive ManufacturingPreprint
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“Purcell and Gero (1996) and Hua’s (2019) studies shed light on the importance of sketching in the design process and the potential negative effects of fixation on limiting design outcomes.”
Endless forms most similar: the dearth of the author in AI-supported art
Kreminski, M. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02326-6 · Cited by 4
Novice Students' Difficulties And Remedies With The Conceptualization Phase Of Design
Pan, R. (., Kuo, S.-P., & Ströbel, J. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--16358 · Cited by 4
Finding Creative New Ideas: Human-Centric Mindset Overshadows Mind-Wandering.
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Conceptual design of a small production plant for eco-friendly packaging
Fiorineschi, L., Conti, L., Rossi, G., & Rotini, F. (2022) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-02-2022-0118 · Cited by 4
How Technology Is Changing Creativity
Hartley, I., & Viskontas, I. (2023) · Palgrave Studies in Creativity and Culture · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28206-5_15 · Cited by 4
Collaborative stimulation of memory retrieval in design
Sauder, J. F., & Jin, Y. (2013) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2013.847533 · Cited by 4
“Fixation occurs when the “new” concepts a designer creates are limited because of prior observed solutions (Jansson & Smith, 1991) or premature commitment to a concept (Purcell & Gero, 1996).”
BackgroundWhy designers won’t save the world?
Martinez, V. (2016) · European Academy of Design Conference (EAD) · doi:10.7190/ead/2015/154 · Cited by 4
Henderson, D., Jablokow, K., Daly, S. R., McKilligan, S., & Silk, E. (2018) · ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (IDETC/CIE) · doi:10.1115/detc2018-85606 · Cited by 4
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“Lastly, the involvement of rigorous expert feedback may help overcome design fixation [26], because they might provide more unbiased and “honest” feedback than internal revisions would typically provide.”
Does Thinking in Opposites in Order to Think Differently Improve Creativity?
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Implications of requirements engineering on software design
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“Moreover, a myriad of empirical studies has found that over-structuring and over-concentration on a problem (requirements) may not lead to effective solutions (designs) [6, 17].”
BackgroundEffects Of An Early Prototyping Experience: Can Design Fixation Be Avoided?
Walker, V., Jensen, D., Crider, K., Weaver, J. M., Wood, K. L., & Maixner, M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--16806 · Cited by 5
Overcoming Design Fixation in Idea Generation
Leahy, K., Seifert, C. M., Daly, S. R., & McKilligan, S. (2018) · Proceedings of DRS · doi:10.21606/drs.2018.349 · Cited by 6
Designing with examples: a study on the role of familiarity, warnings and physical modelling
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Botella, M., Pichot, N., Emmanuelle Volle, C., Cassotti, M., Lubart, T., & Bonnardel, N. (2023) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.bonna.2023.01.0070 · Cited by 3
Guo, C., Huang, Y., Yin, J., Lei, Z., & Lu, S. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116572 · Cited by 3
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“[17] On cognitive level, fixation subconsciously forces designers to design, innovate or ideate in such a manner that, every new idea of design will include element similar to that of previous solution eventually resulting into limited variety and novelty.”
BackgroundINVESTIGATING ON THE RE-USE OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPRESENTATIONS
Cascini, G., Fiorineschi, L., & Rotini, F. (2018) · Proceedings of the ... International Design Conference/Design ... · doi:10.21278/idc.2018.0157 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, the work presented in this paper has not investigated in detail the impact of the proposed modelling schemes on “design fixation” effects (Purcell and Gero, 1996).”
BackgroundContent categorization for memory retrieval: A method for evaluating design performance
Shen, D., Yao, X., Bao, D., & Yu, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280459 · Cited by 3
Félix, M. J. (2019) · Springer series in design and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32415-5_6 · Cited by 3
Agile Methodologies in Learning with Design Thinking
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The trade-off between design fixation and quality: Physical objects or multiperspective pictures?
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Crafting Future Innovations: The Network Structure of Ideas for Visionary Product Concepts
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Camelo, D. M., Marques, A. G., Docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde do Centro Universitário de Maringá - UNICESUMAR; Pesquisadora, B. P. E. P. D. I. C. D. C., Roque, A., Vieira, A. D. S., & Bellido, I. (2017) · RISTI - Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação · doi:10.17013/risti.23.78-89 · Cited by 3
CBDHS: A Case-Based Design Heuristics Tool to Support Product Design Students in Idea Generation
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Innovation in graduate projects: Learning to identify critical functions
Viswanathan, V. K., Ngo, P., Turner, C. J., & Linsey, J. (2013) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2013.6685066 · Cited by 3
“Analogies do have an undesirable potential to cause “design fixation” [13-17].”
BackgroundDistributed Expertise and Authenticity in the Development of Design Expertise
Svihla, V., Petrosino, A. J., & Diller, K. R. (2007) · Cited by 3
Integrating Design Heuristics into Your Classroom
Leahy, K., Yılmaz, S., Seifert, C. M., & Daly, S. R. (2016) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/p.25796 · Cited by 3
“During the early concept generation phase, students often become fixated on their initial concepts, and may prematurely begin evaluation 10, 17, 18 .”
A Facilitated Expert-Based Approach to Architecting “Prizeable” Complex Systems
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The Life of Ideas during a Community-Based Innovation Contest
Gillier, T., Buffart, M., Liger, V., & Piat, G. (2018) · Management international · doi:10.7202/1053685ar · Cited by 3
“Generally speaking, participants become committed to ideas that they think of first (Purcell & Gero, 1996), but they do not generate new ideas during speedstorming .”
BackgroundBaishya, U., Antle, A. N., & McLaren, E.-S. (2019) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3312820 · Cited by 3
“Studies have shown mixed results [3,5,7] for the impact of examples on idea generation, depending on the representation of the examples [3], Participants’ Quotes”
BackgroundInfluentialBetter, Not Catchier: Design Creativity Research in the Service of Value
Goldschmidt, G. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-224-7_5 · Cited by 3
Designers Who Don’t Draw: An Investigation into Sketch Inhibition among Undergraduate Designers
Thurlow, L. (2019) · DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) · Cited by 3
Divergent Thinking in Front-End Design
Lee, J. W. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 3
Expanding Creativity Evaluation: Mapping Cognitive Flexibility and Fixation in PISA Assessments
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Reframing Business – and Design? – A Critical Look at Co-creation
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“Originating in gestalt psychology, the notion of fixation has become a subject of special interest in experimental cognitive psychology to understand innovation and creative problem solving (cf. Purcell & Gero, 1996).”
Exploring Opportunities to Aid Generation of Input Action Ideas for Tangible User Interfaces
Baishya, U., Antle, A. N., & Neustaedter, C. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445713 · Cited by 2
“Other researchers have, however, found both positive [14, 25, 71] and negative [40, 59, 71] impact of examples on idea generation; which is dependent on various factors such as format of the examples [7, 13], number and variety of examples [48], similarity of the example with solution space [16,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialXu, J., Lu, H., & Jiang, Y. B. (2021) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2021.127 · Cited by 2
“(Jansson and Smith, 1991; Purcell and Gero, 1996).”
Sawyer, R. K., & Henriksen, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197747537.003.0015 · Cited by 2
Storyboarding - Framing the "frame" of opportunity
Wikström, A., Everskog, A., Wallin, A., Hyltefors, M., Larsen, S., & Verganti, R. (2013) · Cited by 2
Can abstraction help ideation? A case study on biologically inspired design
Deng, X., Wang, H.-H., Liu, C.-Y., & Wang, Y.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-021-09703-4 · Cited by 2
Creative design tools (CDT): stimulating creative design thinking
Salah, F., & Abdalla, H. S. (2008) · International Journal of Design Engineering · doi:10.1504/ijde.2008.021167 · Cited by 2
“Some cases of fixation in design were recognised in situations associated with absence of domain specific knowledge and reliance on everyday knowledge (Jansson and Smith, 1991; Purcell and Gero, 1996).”
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From Concept to Specification Maintaining Early Design Intent
Sosa, R., Lee, J. B., Albarran, D., & Otto, K. (2014) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2229-3_38 · Cited by 2
Novices' Satisfactory Design, Some implications for Performance and Satisficing in Character Design
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“Novices’ low satisfactory solutions lie in the fact that they usually settle down on early and instinctive designs without exploring new possibilities [14], and [15].”
BackgroundMedia and representations in product design education
Chafi, M. B., & af Ornäs, V. H. (2014) · Cited by 2
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“Fixation: premature commitment to a particular problem solution, blind adherence to one solution or one approach to a problem (mechanized thought), which follows a previously laid-out pattern, and prevents the consideration of all relevant knowledge and experience which should be brought to bear on the given problem (…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Fusing 635 Brainstorming and C-Sketch Methods on the Creativity of Industrial Design
Hsu, C.-C., Wang, T.-I., Lin, K.-J., & Chang, J.-W. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt.2017.72 · Cited by 2
“Yet it is a remarkable fact that even when a designer uses appropriate past designs to trigger new ideas, they may filter out potential creative solutions and lose their imagination [16], [17], which is called design fixation [18], [19], [20].”
BackgroundSystems Design for FRP Hybrid AM
Oliveira, L. M., Esteves, S., Tenreiro, A. F. G., Matos, J. R., Sobral, J., & Pereira, J. P. T. (2020) · Advanced structured materials · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44522-5_5 · Cited by 2
Development of Design Heuristics for Furniture Design
Das, S., & Das, A. K. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0084-5_13 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Purcell, A. T., & Gero, J. S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Gero, John S.
- Venue
- Design Studies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-383
- ISSN
- 0142-694X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976933533
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Design Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Education › Engineering Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- design fixation, functional fixedness, design problem solving, design process, design education, human problem solving
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