Case study: bioavailability of tin and tin compounds
Abstract
This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
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Many tin compounds are toxic, severely limiting applications in biological settings such as the human body or ecosystems and requiring careful removal of residuals.
“many tin compounds are toxic, severely limiting applications in biological settings such as the human body or ecosystems and requires careful removal of residuals.”
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- Authors
- Rüdel, H.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rüdel, Heinz
- ORCID
- Rüdel, Heinz
- Venue
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 180-189
- ISSN
- 0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2019272504
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Marine Biology and Environmental Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- organotin compounds, triorganotin compounds, biocides, antifouling paints, biodegradation, photolysis, adsorption-desorption, bioconcentration, ecotoxicity, biomagnification, dissolved organic carbon, pH effect, aquatic organisms, food chain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biological Availability, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Organotin Compounds, Photochemistry, Tin, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants
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