The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predicting environmental learning from spatial abilities: An indirect route
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“This is in line with classical protocols in human cognition (Allen et al., 1996; Hegarty et al., 2006; Pazzaglia & Taylor, 2007; Weisberg et al., 2014; Meneghetti et al., 2016; 2021).”
From Does Spatial Cognition Emerge in Frontier Models? (2024) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 1996
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Cites
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Cited by
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Effects of Basic Path Properties on Human Path Integration
Wan, X., Wang, R. F., & Crowell, J. A. (2013) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2012.678521 · Cited by 19
Muffato, V., Toffalini, E., Meneghetti, C., Carbone, E., & Béni, R. D. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.023 · Cited by 20
Rocha, K., Lussier, C. M., & Atit, K. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00377-7 · Cited by 19
“Distinct from small-scale spatial tasks are large-scale spatial tasks, which are context dependent and require solving spatial problems that are situated within the environment (Allen et al., 1996; Weisberg & Newcombe, 2016; Weisberg et al., 2014).”
BackgroundManual rotation training improves direction-estimations in a virtual environmental space
Jansen, P., Wiedenbauer, G., & Hahn, N. (2009) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440802678487 · Cited by 17
“Untilnow,most of the studies concerning the relationship between small-and large-scale abilities are correlation studies (i.e., Allen, Kirasic, Dobson, Long, & Beck, 1996), that do not shed light on causal inference.”
BackgroundReading the landscape: Legible environments and hominin dispersals
Guiducci, D., & Burke, A. M. (2016) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21484 · Cited by 19
Newcombe, N. S. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0204 · Cited by 17
van der Ham, I. J. M., Wezel, R. J. A. V., Oleksiak, A., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Frijns, C. J. M., Kappelle, L. J., & Postma, A. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.002 · Cited by 16
Hughes, N., Pinchin, J., Brown, M. A., & Shaw, D. E. (2015) · International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation · doi:10.1109/ipin.2015.7346758 · Cited by 15
“For example the injured, infirm and partially sighted [2] as well as those with reduced cognitive and thus spatial abilities [3].”
BackgroundIndividual differences in cognitive map accuracy: Investigating the role of landmark familiarity.
Youngson, N., Vollebregt, M., & Sutton, J. E. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000165 · Cited by 15
Davis, H. E., Gurven, M., & Cashdan, E. (2022) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12602 · Cited by 15
Temporal Memory for Locations: On the Coding of Spatiotemporal Information in Children and Adults
Schumann-Hengsteler, R., Strobl, M., & Zoelch, C. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410609984-13 · Cited by 14
Mehta, M. A. (2010) · Cited by 13
Muffato, V., Miola, L., Pellegrini, M., Pazzaglia, F., & Meneghetti, C. (2023) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00506-w · Cited by 16
Remembering Places in Space: A Human Analog Study of the Morris Water Maze
Fitting, S., Allen, G. L., & Wedell, D. H. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_4 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMeneghetti, C., Pazzaglia, F., & Béni, R. D. (2012) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-012-0500-x · Cited by 13
“PT tasks have been shown to have a relevant role in predicting environmental learning (e.g. Allen et al. 1996; Pazzaglia and De Beni 2006; Kozhevnikov et al. 2006), even using a paper-andpencil task called the Object Perspective Test (OPT) (Fields and Shelton 2006; Meneghetti et al. 2011).”
MethodBehavioral and Cognitive Geography
Montello, D. R. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0069 · Cited by 15
Spatial text processing in relation to spatial abilities and spatial styles
Pazzaglia, F., & Meneghetti, C. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.725716 · Cited by 12
“Spatial cognition studies frequently test environment learning using visual inputs (maps or navigation tasks, e.g., Allen et al., 1996; Pazzaglia & Taylor, 2007).”
BackgroundThis is the way: Network perspective on targets for spatial ability development programmes
Likhanov, M. V., Павловна, М. Е., Costantini, G., Budakova, A. V., Есипенко, Е. А., Ismatullina, V. I., & Kovas, Y. V. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12524 · Cited by 13
Training metric accuracy in distance estimation skill: pictures versus words
Allen, G. L., & Rashotte, M. A. (2006) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1174 · Cited by 12
Self-citationCarbonell, C., Saorín, J. L., & Jaeger, A. J. (2021) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings11100492 · Cited by 11
Ward, E., Ganis, G., McDonough, K. L., & Bach, P. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221077102 · Cited by 11
Assessment of Topographical Disorientation: First Application of New Tests and Case Report
Descloux, V., Bellmann, A., & Maurer, R. (2015) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2014.940525 · Cited by 11
“Perspective-taking ability seems to be a better predictor of real-world spatial orientation performance than mental rotation and other classic clinical tests (Allen et al., 1996); a direct link between mental rotation and navigation accuracy has not been established yet (Nadolne & Stringer, 2001).”
BackgroundSas, C., & Noor, N. F. B. M. (2009) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0315-6 · Cited by 9
Lobben, A. K., Lawrence, M. M., & Pickett, R. (2013) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.846172 · Cited by 9
“Other researchers have investigated the relationship between geometric mental rotation and environmental learning, where the environment was experienced through direct physical interaction, virtual desktop, or videotape (Allen et al. 1996; Hegarty et al. 2006; Schoenfeld, Lehmann, and Leplow 2010).”
BackgroundMontello, D. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.72057-5 · Cited by 13
Impact of Regionalization and Detour on Ad-hoc Path Choice
Hochmair, H. H., Büchner, S. J., & Hölscher, C. (2008) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875860701866446 · Cited by 8
Muffato, V., & Meneghetti, C. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10040204 · Cited by 9
Yang, Y., Li, W., Huang, D. P., He, W., Zhang, Y., & Merrill, E. C. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101697 · Cited by 9
Burles, C. F. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/28057 · Cited by 7
Does Culture Shape Our Spatial Ability? An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking
Tian, Y., Yang, T., & Dong, W. (2022) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi11110578 · Cited by 7
Semiautomatic indoor positioning and navigation with mobile devices
Ren, H., Chai, P., Zhang, Y., Xu, D., Xu, T., & Li, X. (2017) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2016.1276101 · Cited by 7
“As the ability to understand the layout of the surroundings is always largely individualized, it is an effortful and difficult task for people to move freely in an unfamiliar environment (Allen et al. 1996; Hegarty et al. 2006; Ishikawa and Montello 2006).”
BackgroundMeneghetti, C., Pazzaglia, F., & Béni, R. D. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32732-2_18 · Cited by 7
Gender Differences in the Rotation of City Maps
Campos, A., & Campos‐Juanatey, D. (2019) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0303 · Cited by 7
Spatial ability, urban wayfinding and location-based services:a review and first results
Li, C. (2004) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 7
Various Spatial Skills, Gender Differences, and Transferability of Spatial Skills
Wang, L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44385-0_5 · Cited by 6
Harris, D., Logan, T., & Lowrie, T. J. (2022) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2022.100611 · Cited by 8
Velasco, P. F., Coutrot, A., Oloye, H., Wiener, J. M., Dalton, R., Hölscher, C., Manley, E., Hornberger, M., & Spiers, H. J. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1514 · Cited by 6
“The lack of a strong correlation between performance in small- and large-scale spatial tasks indicates that, while they have some overlap, they also make different demands on cognition [31,33].”
BackgroundChen, Q. (2012) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.6100/ir738927 · Cited by 6
Event memory uniquely predicts memory for large-scale space
Sargent, J. Q., Zacks, J. M., Hambrick, D. Z., & Lin, N. (2018) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-018-0860-2 · Cited by 6
“ences on large-scale spatial-memory-from-route experience (Allen et al., 1996; Kirasic, 2000) or have found that gender differences in spatial layout learning were mediated by a self-”
InfluentialEMPATHY, SPATIAL AND VERBAL ABILITIES CHARACTERIZE ONE WHO CAN BEST DESCRIBE A ROUTE
Honda, A., & Nihei, Y. (2003) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2003.96.3.861 · Cited by 5
Exploring the relation between spatial abilities and STEM expertise
Tomai, E., Kokla, M., Charcharos, C., & Kavouras, M. (2023) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2023.2263735 · Cited by 4
“Estimate Distances (EDIST) Provide Euclidean or “crow-fly” distance estimates from one viewpoint to a series of unseen target locations along the walk (Allen et al., 1996).”
InfluentialMaps in the Head and Maps in the Hand
Skagerlund, K., Kirsh, D., & Dahlbäck, N. (2012) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 4
Navigating to and through large hospitals
Hughes, N., & Brown, M. A. (2015) · Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 4
Orefice, C., Cardillo, R., Lonciari, I., Zoccante, L., & Mammarella, I. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1349851 · Cited by 4
“In fact, being VSPT linked to everyday adaptive functioning (Allen et al., 1996; Kozhevnikov et al., 2006; Hamilton et al., 2014; Tanaś and Myslinska Szarek, 2021), getting to know specific impairments and strategies by group may cover a predominant role in designing interventions specifically…”
BackgroundLearning the layout of different environments: common or dissociated abilities?
Topete, A., He, C., & Hegarty, M. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00618-5 · Cited by 7
“These individual differences are now well documented (e.g., Allen et al., 1996; Hegarty et al., 2006; Ishikawa & Montello, 2006; Weisberg & Newcombe, 2018), raising important theoretical questions about what causes these differences, what cognitive processes differentiate more and less able…”
Influence of spatial imagery and imagery control on geometric form location in paintings
Pérez-Fabello, M. J., & Campos, A. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101298 · Cited by 4
Teaching Spatial Thinking: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology.
Hegarty, M., & Tarampi, M. R. (2015) · Cited by 4
Lasc, D., Grinshpun, S., Bixter, M. T., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105982 · Cited by 3
“Wayfinding typically takes place in large-scale environments such as a building, a neighborhood, or a city (Allen et al., 1996; Golledge et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMuffato, V., Miola, L., Pazzaglia, F., & Meneghetti, C. (2024) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-024-02030-y · Cited by 3
“VSWM is essential for daily life tasks (Logie, 1995) and has been a focal point in navigation studies since their beginning (Allen et al., 1996; Garden et al., 2002).”
From Resource-Adaptive Navigation Assistance to Augmented Cognition
Zimmer, H. D., Münzer, S., & Baus, J. (2010) · Cognitive technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89408-7_3 · Cited by 3
“Surprisingly, it has repeatedly been found that spatial ability tests are only weakly related to environmental spatial performance (e.g., [ 3 ], see [26], for a review).”
BackgroundThe Interaction of Map Resolution and Spatial Abilities on Route Learning
Sanchez, C. A., & Branaghan, R. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120705101826 · Cited by 2
The practice of speleology: What is its relationship with spatial abilities?
Muffato, V., Zavagnin, M., & Meneghetti, C. (2022) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-022-01075-4 · Cited by 3
“Concerning the relationship between large-scale spatial abilities, small-scale abilities, and wayfinding inclinations, studies have shown that both rotation and VSWM are related to large-scale spatial abilities, such as environment learning, as an accurate spatial information recall from navigation learning (Allen et…”
BackgroundJelínek, M., Květoň, P., & Vobořil, D. (2014) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-014-0639-8 · Cited by 2
“Objective measures were often performed in a real environment (e.g., Ishikawa and Montello 2006; Allen et al. 1996).”
BackgroundDescloux, V., & Maurer, R. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2018.1528262 · Cited by 2
Visuospatial Working Memory for Different Scales of Space: Weighing the Evidence
Sholl, M. J., & Fraone, S. K. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410609984-12 · Cited by 2
Skagerlund, K. (2011) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 2
Tomai, E., Kokla, M., Charcharos, C., Pastra, K., Liarokapis, F., Bezerianou, M., Cheliotis, K., Δάρρα, Α., & Kavouras, M. (2023) · Cartography and Geographic Information Science · doi:10.1080/15230406.2023.2224584 · Cited by 1
“…ability to traverse a route from the opposite direction (Lorenz & Neisser, 1986), giving and interpreting verbal directions (Lorenz, 1988), recognizing scenes along a route and putting those scenes in order (scene recognition and scene sequencing respectively) (Allen et al., 1996), among others.”
Zhong, J. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2024) · Brain Network and Modulation · doi:10.4103/bnm.bnm_13_23 · Cited by 1
Chattaraj, D., & Vijayaraghavan, A. P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8768-5_2 · Cited by 1
Individual differences in navigation skill: towards reliable and valid measures
Lader, J., Nguyen, K. V., & Newcombe, N. S. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00642-5 · Cited by 5
“There is stronger support for the necessity of perspective taking in many navigational tasks (e.g., Allen et al., 1996; Fields & Shelton, 2006; Hegarty & Waller, 2004; Kozhevnikov et al., 2006; Muffato et al., 2020).”
Spatial perspective taking is distinct from cognitive and affective perspective taking.
Brucato, M., Newcombe, N. S., & Chein, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001892 · Cited by 1
Limitation and Critical Discussion on the Measure Method of Spatial Ability
Sung-Wook, C. (2008) · The Journal of The Korean Association of Geographic and Environmental Education · doi:10.17279/jkagee.2008.16.1.1 · Cited by 1
Effect of Visuo-Spatial Working Memory on Distance Estimation in Map Learning
Oto, H. (2015) · GSTF Journal of Psychology · doi:10.7603/s40790-015-0010-2 · Cited by 1
How Well Do 5- to 7- Year-Old Children Remember the Spatial Structure of a Room?
Yang, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2025809 · Cited by 1
“This is also different from environmental space (e.g., buildings) where both locomotion and perspective integration/taking over a relatively long period of time are needed (Allen et al., 1996; Nazareth et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCampos‐Juanatey, D., & Campos, A. (2025) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/02762366251337044 · Cited by 1
“The linkage between spatial mental imagery and map comprehension is well studied (Allen et al., 1996; Campos-Juanatey & Campos, 2019; Fields & Shelton, 2006; Hegarty et al., 2006).”
Gamba, P., Guidetti, R., & Guidetti, G. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10110-5 · Cited by 1
SMART CITY: SMART NAVIGATION IN HOSPITALS
Turečková, K., & Nevima, J. (2020) · International Scientific Conference EMAN. Economics & Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times · doi:10.31410/eman.2020.209 · Cited by 1
“Given the diversity of hospital visitors and hospitals themselves, these hospital navigations must satisfy a range of individual needs of regular and occasional patients, staff, attendants and others, in the context of their cognitive and spatial abilities (Mollerup, 2009 or Allen et al., 1996).”
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Training to Improve Spatial Orientation in Engineering Students Using Virtual Environments
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“Until now, just a few studies have attempted to relate spatial abilities at different scales, ie, whether the results obtained by measuring spatial skills with psychometric test paper, can predict success on large scale task [13, 14].”
BackgroundEffects of Working Memory Capacity on Workload and Task Performance
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Does Spatial Cognition Emerge in Frontier Models?
Ramakrishnan, S. K., Wijmans, E., Kraehenbuehl, P., & Koltun, V. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.06468 · Cited by 49
Towards a Computational Spatial Knowledge Acquisition Model in Architectural Space
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Metacognitive Aspects of Gender Differences in Spatial Navigation
Lemieux, C. L. (2018) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-21811
School motivation through the use of information and communication technologies (ICT)
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Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire 11 Component Model
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Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, G. L., Kirasic, K. C., Dobson, S. H., Long, R. G., & Beck, S.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Atlanta VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Gary L.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 327-355
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027776299
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geography Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- environmental learning, spatial ability, mediation, Big Five personality traits
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