Verbal Vs. Numerical Processing of Subjective Probabilities
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Social science research shows that, in human communication, expressing (un)certainty through natural language is often preferred and perceived as more intuitive than numerical expressions.
“Second, social science research shows that, in human communication, expressing (un)certainty through natural language is often preferred and perceived as more intuitive than numerical expressions [34, 60, 106, 112, 121].”
From "I'm Not Sure, But...": Examining the Impact of Large Language Models' Uncertainty Expression on User Reliance and Trust (2024) · cites this paper as [121]
Cites
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202 · see citing works
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Measuring psychological uncertainty: Verbal versus numeric methods.
Windschitl, P. D., & Wells, G. L. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.2.4.343 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Kim, S. S. Y., Liao, Q. V., Vorvoreanu, M., Ballard, S., & Vaughan, J. W. (2024) · The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3630106.3658941 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Song, T., & Lee, Y.-C. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103455 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zimmer, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmer, Alf C.
- Venue
- Advances in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1983
- Pages
- 159-182
- ISSN
- 0166-4115 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1763242134
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- subjective probability, verbal probability expressions, possibility theory, uncertainty representation, probabilistic language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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