The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing
Open accessAbstract
Construct definition, Object classification, Attribute classification, Rater identification, Scale formation, and Enumeration and reporting (C-OAR-SE) is proposed as a new procedure for the development of scales to measure marketing constructs. COAR-SE is based on content validity, established by expert agreement after pre-interviews with target raters. In C-OAR-SE, constructs are defined in terms of Object, Attribute, and Rater Entity. The Object classification and Attribute classification steps in C-OAR-SE produce a framework (six types of scales) indicating when to use single-item vs. multiple-item scales and, for multiple-item scales, when to use an index of essential items rather than selecting unidimensional items with a high coefficient alpha. The Rater Entity type largely determines reliability, which is a precision-of-score estimate for a particular application of the scale.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
SERVQUAL: A multiple-Item Scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality
Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1988) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.14579729 · Cited by 21,118
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549
What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications
Cortina, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98 · Cited by 8,810
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116 · Cited by 5,359
Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective.
Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305 · Cited by 3,618
Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers.
Schwarz, N. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.2.93 · Cited by 2,846
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
(1977) · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10517-x · Cited by 2,457
Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires – Theory and practice in social research
Foddy, W., & Mantle, J. (1994) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61110-8 · Cited by 726
Cited by
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00500.x · Cited by 3,410
The Predictive Validity of Multiple-Item versus Single-Item Measures of the Same Constructs
Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.44.2.175 · Cited by 3,107
Self-citationChiu, C., Wang, E. T. G., Fang, Y., & Huang, H. (2014) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2012.00407.x · Cited by 1,332
Grewal, R., Cote, J. A., & Baumgartner, H. (2004) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1040.0070 · Cited by 1,228
Online customer experience in e-retailing: An empirical model of antecedents and outcomes
Rose, S., Clark, M., Samouel, P., & Hair, N. (2012) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,131
Metadata
- Authors
- Rossiter, J. R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Research in Marketing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 305-335
- ISSN
- 0167-8116 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169033715
- Cited by
- 2,477
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 35.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0167-8116(02)00097-6
- The paper
- Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8116(02)00097-6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.