The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, research on motivational factors has not revealed a relation between intention and procrastination (r = -.03),meaning that people who procrastinate recurrently do not lack an intention to initiate or complete their tasks or assignments but, rather, experience difficulties acting on their intentions (i.e., the intention-action gap) (Steel, Brothen, & Wambach, 2001).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel, Brothen, & Wambach, 2001
In the citing paper
“Procrastination has been most thoroughly studied in student populations, where it has been associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression and poor academic performance [2; 6], but also with putting off everyday obligations [7].”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Data were limited to self-report. Therefore the findings of the study can be considered valid for self-assessed procrastination, however, not necessarily to observable procrastinating behavior [6].”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Madison, P., & Mischel, W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421067 · Cited by 4,395
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Self-monitoring of expressive behavior.
Snyder, M. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037039 · Cited by 3,525
Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes
(1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-07551-2 · Cited by 3,240
A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences
Weiner, B. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.3 · Cited by 2,453
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788
How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. L. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.690 · Cited by 1,691
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,350
Psychoticism as a dimension of personality
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,217
At last, my research article on procrastination
Lay, C. H. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3 · Cited by 1,175
Toward a consensual structure of mood
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.98.2.219 · Cited by 1,170
Spielberger, C. D., Sarason, I. G., Strelau, J., & Brebner, J. M. (2014) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315800851 · Cited by 1,004
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x · Cited by 888 · cited 2×
“moderate to strong correlation (Beswick et al., 1988; Tice & Baumeister, 1997; Wesley, 1994).”
BackgroundVolition and Personality: Action Versus State Orientation
Kühl, J., & Beckmann, J. (1994) · Cited by 810
Lefcourt, H. M. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50013-7 · Cited by 794
Procrastination and Task Avoidance: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. (1995) · Cited by 701
Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits.
Burisch, M. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.3.214 · Cited by 549
Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators.
Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387 · Cited by 521
Procrastination and Task Avoidance
Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6 · Cited by 487
Psychological antecedents of student procrastination
Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., & Mann, L. (1988) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050068808255605 · Cited by 405
Procrastination in college students: the role of self-efficacy and anxiety.
Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1998.tb02548.x · Cited by 361
Psychometric properties of the STAI: A reply to Ramanaiah, Franzen, and Schill
Speilberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1984) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4801_16 · Cited by 355
Trait procrastination and the Big-five factors of personality
Schouwenburg, H. C., & Lay, C. H. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00176-s · Cited by 326
Prevalence of Procrastination among Samples of Adults
Harriott, J., & Ferrari, J. R. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.611 · Cited by 306
(1993) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 234
Ferrari, J. R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90140-6 · Cited by 220
Involvement as a derterminant of response to favorable and unfavorable information.
Eagly, A. H. (1967) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025080 · Cited by 216
Johnson, J. L., & Bloom, A. M. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00109-6 · Cited by 189
Self-handicapping by procrastinators: Protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both?
Ferrari, J. R. (1991) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(91)90018-l · Cited by 189
Ferrari, J. R. (1992) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00965170 · Cited by 168
Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment.
Tellegen, A. (1991) · Cited by 160
Decisional procrastination: Examining personality correlates.
Effert, B. R., & Ferrari, J. R. (1989) · Journal of social behavior and personality · Cited by 154
Blunt, A., & Pychyl, T. A. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00018-x · Cited by 152
Mood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance.
Cervone, D., Kopp, D. A., Schaumann, L., Scott, W. D., & al, E. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.499 · Cited by 148
Ferrari, J. R., Parker, J. T., & Ware, C. B. (1992) · Journal of social behavior and personality · Cited by 135
Effects of Ability, High School Achievement, and Procrastinatory Behavior on College Performance
Wesley, J. C. (1994) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164494054002014 · Cited by 120
Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior
Lay, C. H., & Silverman, S. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00038-4 · Cited by 111
Correlates of academic procrastination
Milgram, N. A., Batori, G., & Mowrer, D. (1993) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(93)90033-f · Cited by 107
(1992) · Journal of social behavior and personality · Cited by 80
Personality and the Subjective Experience of Time
Wessman, A. E. (1973) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1973.10119839 · Cited by 79
On the nature of self-monitoring: Construct explication with Q-sort ratings.
John, O. P., Cheek, J. M., & Klohnen, E. C. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.4.763 · Cited by 77
Lay, C. H., & Brokenshire, R. (1997) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-997-1017-9 · Cited by 70
A survey of college faculty and student procrastination.
Hill, M. (1978) · College student journal · Cited by 69
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. P. (1981) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.1981.tb00033.x · Cited by 58
Trait Procrastination, Agitation, Dejection, and Self-Discrepancy
Lay, C. H. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_5 · Cited by 54
Delay in completion of doctoral dissertations in clinical psychology.
Muszynski, S. Y., & Akamatsu, T. J. (1991) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.22.2.119 · Cited by 53
On the nature of self-monitoring: Construct explication with Q-sort ratings.
John, O. P., Cheek, J. M., & Klohnen, E. C. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.763 · Cited by 50
Lay, C. H. (1994) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02254832 · Cited by 44
Self-Deceptive Enhancement and Impression Management correlates of EPQ-R dimensions.
Davies, M., French, C., & Keogh, E. (1998) · The Journal of psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599274 · Cited by 44
Milgram, N. A., & Naaman, N. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00018-9 · Cited by 41
Self- versus instructor-pacing: Achievement, evaluations, and retention.
Morris, E. K., Surber, C. F., & Bijou, S. W. (1978) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.70.2.224 · Cited by 33
Minority students' self-control of procrastination.
Green, L. (1982) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.29.6.636 · Cited by 30
Contributions of Basic Research to the Cognitive Theories of Depression
Dykman, B. M., & Abramson, L. Y. (1990) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167290161004 · Cited by 24
Validity of the MacAndrew scale in a general medical population.
Davis, L. J., Colligan, R. C., Morse, R. M., & Offord, K. P. (1987) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1987.48.202 · Cited by 20
Point-of-Time Effects Across the Semester: Is There a Sampling Bias?
Wang, A. Y., & Jentsch, F. G. (1998) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599160 · Cited by 19
Basic Concepts for a Psychology of Personality
Murray, H. A. (1936) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1936.9917922 · Cited by 16
An Evaluation of Lectures in a Computer-Based, PSI Introductory Psychology Course
Brothen, T., & Wambach, C. A. (1998) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/t5v9-7ddr-x2x1-99p1 · Cited by 16
Self-citationLocus of Control as a Predictor of Procrastination among Adults in Correspondence Courses
Trice, A. D., & Milton, C. T. (1987) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.1002 · Cited by 16
The relationship between extraversion and time of data collection
Liberty, H. J. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90096-l · Cited by 10
Rosati, P. A. (1975) · Cited by 8
Mayers, A. N. (1946) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-194602000-00002 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Born, 1978, Some belated thoughts on pacing, Journal of Personalized Instruction, 3, 33
- McCown, 1987, Personality correlates and behaviors of chronic procrastinators, Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 71
- Sarason, 1990, Anxiety, cognitive interference, and performance, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0026838 · Cited by 3,646
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417
Self-citationThe relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis
Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038 · Cited by 786
Integrating Theories of Motivation
Steel, P., & König, C. J. (2006) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2006.22527462 · Cited by 776
Self-citationChun Chu, A. H., & Choi, J. N. (2005) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.145.3.245-264 · Cited by 765
Metadata
- Authors
- Steel, P., Brothen, T., & Wambach, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steel, Piers
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-106
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068884509
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- procrastination, self-report measures, observed behavior, intention-behavior gap, academic performance, mood, personality traits, neuroticism, self-esteem, locus of control, extraversion, psychoticism, dominance, self-monitoring, Personalized System of Instruction, self-concept, self-assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review