CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 776Human Behavior and MotivationEmployee Performance and MotivationBehavioral Health and Interventions

Integrating Theories of Motivation

Steel, Piers, König, Cornelius J.·2006·Academy of Management Review
DOI 10.5465/amr.2006.22527462
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Progress toward understanding human behavior has been hindered by discipline-bound theories, dividing our efforts. Fortunately, these separate endeavors are converging and can be effectively integrated. Focusing on the fundamental features of picoeconomics, expectancy theory, cumulative prospect theory, and need theory, we construct a temporal motivational theory (TMT). TMT appears consistent with the major findings from many other investigations, including psychobiology and behaviorism. The potential implications of TMT are numerous, affecting our understanding on a wide range of topics, including group behavior, job design, stock market behavior, and goal setting.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5465/amr.2006.22527462

Cites

191 of 191 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Temporal motivational theory is proposed as an integrated explanation for procrastination, consisting of the interaction of four variables: expectancy, value, impulsiveness, and time, each of which affects the tendency to procrastinate.

    “Temporal motivational theory is proposed as an integrated explanation for procrastination, consisting of the interaction of four different variables: expectancy, value, impulsiveness, and time, each of which affects the tendency to procrastinate.”

    From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel & König, 2006

  • Temporal motivational theory (TMT) is a general model of motivation that incorporates a variety of aspects believed to affect decision-making processes.

    “Steel and König (2006) therefore proposed a general model of motivation that incorporates a variety of aspects believed to affect decision-making processes: temporal motivational theory (TMT).”

    From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel & König, 2006

  • Planning fallacy and future discounting are assumed to be related to procrastination, for they result in poor time management and the inability to learn from past difficulties, as well as the propensity to choose immediate gratification instead of future rewards.

    “In particular, planning fallacy and future discounting are assumed to be related to procrastination, for they result in poor time management and the inability to learn from past difficulties faced in tasks and assignments, as well as the propensity to choose those activities that result in immediate gratification instead of future rewards (Steel & König, 2006).”

    From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel & König, 2006

  • Dividing long-term goals into subgoals helps the individual with issues related to time management, particularly for goals involving considerable effort.

    “goal setting should always be accompanied by dividing long-term goals into subgoals since this helps the individual with issues related to time management (Steel & König, 2006), particularly in terms of goals that involve considerable effort.”

    From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel & König, 2006

  • TMT is proposed by Steel and König (2006) as an integrated account of motivation that may facilitate an understanding of procrastination, particularly for those individuals who struggle to apprehend and cope with their behavioral problems.

    “TMT is proposed by Steel and König (2006) as an integrated account of motivation that may facilitate an understanding of procrastination, particularly for those individuals who struggle to apprehend and cope with their behavioral problems.”

    From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel and König (2006)

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 194 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Steel, P., & König, C. J.
Affiliations
University of Calgary (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Academy of Management Review
Publisher
Academy of Management
Published
2006-10
Volume
31
Issue
4
Pages
889-913
ISSN
  • 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
  • 1930-3807
DOI
10.5465/amr.2006.22527462
OpenAlex
W2171935043
Cited by
776
References
194
Citations by year
2026: 77 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
FWCI
22.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords
motivation theories, expectancy theory, cumulative prospect theory, needs theory, theoretical integration, human behavior, psychobiology, behaviorism, group behavior, job design, stock market behavior, goal setting

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review