Effects of chitosan and plant extracts on growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anthracnose levels and quality of papaya fruit
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the in vitro fungicidal effect of chitosan and aqueous extracts of custard apple leaves, papaya leaves and papaya seeds, and the combination of chitosan and plant extracts on the development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose on papaya. Chitosan at 2.0% and 3.0% had a fungicidal effect on C. gloeosporioides. Extracts alone did not show any fungicidal effect while the combination of 2.5% chitosan with all the tested extracts had a fungistatic rather than fungicidal effect. Changes in the conidial morphology of C. gloeosporioides were observed with 1.5% chitosan concentration after 7 h incubation. For in situ studies, control of anthracnose disease was obtained with 1.5% chitosan applied before C. gloeosporioides inoculation. Phomopsis was most frequently isolated from the non-inoculated fruit. Chitosan applications did not influence the content of total solid solubles or percentage weight loss during the storage of papaya fruit. However, there was a tendency toward greater firmness in fruit treated with the papaya seed extract alone or combined with chitosan.
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Chitosan concentrations of 1.5% and above can effectively control fungal growth.
“Research demonstrates that CHI concentrations of 1.5% and above can effectively control fungal growth (Bautista-Baños et al. 2003;Marques et al. 2016).”
From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Bautista-Baños et al. 2003
That binding damages membrane integrity, leading to leakage of cell contents and death.
“This interaction disrupts membrane integrity, causing the leakage of intracellular components and cell death (Bautista-Baños et al. 2003;Oliveira et al. 2017).”
From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Bautista-Baños et al. 2003
CHI's antifungal effect is mainly due to its cationic amino groups binding to anionic phospholipids in the fungal plasma membrane.
“CHI antifungal action is well-established and is mainly ascribed to its positively charged amino groups, which interact with the fungal plasma membrane's negatively charged phospholipids.”
From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Bautista-Baños et al. 2003
Bautista-Baños et al. (2003) found 25 mg/mL CHI fully inhibited C. gloeosporioides mycelial growth and 15 mg/mL caused notable conidia deformation.
“For instance, Bautista-Baños et al. (2003) reported complete inhibition of C. gloeosporioides mycelial growth at 25 mg/mL of CHI and significant conidia deformation at 15 mg/mL.”
From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Bautista-Baños et al. 2003
Cites
Effects of chitosan, pectic acid, lysozyme, and chitinase on the growth of several phytopathogens.
HIRANO, S., & NAGAO, N. (1989) · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb1961.53.3065 · Cited by 203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“is inhibited on nutrient media amended with various concentrations of chitosan (Hirano and Nagao, 1989; Benhamou, 1992; Bhaskara Reddy et al., 1997; Bautista et al., 1999).”
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Palou, L., Ali, A., Fallik, E., & Romanazzi, G. (2016) · Postharvest Biology and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.04.017 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Bautista-Baños, S., Sivakumar, D., Bello-Pérez, A., Villanueva-Arce, R., & Hernández-López, M. (2013) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.02.011 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of chitosan for the control of postharvest anthracnose and quality in avocados
Marques, K. M., Galati, V. C., Fernandes, J. D. R., Guimarães, J. E. R., Silva, J. P., Mattiuz, B. H., & Mattiuz, C. F. M. (2016) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2016.1120.34 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hamidou, H. A. (2025) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biology · doi:10.17957/ijab/15.2384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bautista-Baños, S., Hernández-López, M., Bosquez-Molina, E., & Wilson, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian Fruit Research Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Crop Protection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1087-1092
- ISSN
- 0261-2194 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2019472333
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Crop Protection (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
- Keywords
- chitosan, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anthracnose, papaya, plant extracts, papaya leaves, papaya seeds, fungicidal activity, fungistatic activity, conidial morphology, Phomopsis, fruit quality, fruit firmness, postharvest disease control
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