The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects?
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,724
(2006) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2006.s417 · Cited by 4,950
Approximate Inference in Generalized Linear Mixed Models
Breslow, N. E., & Clayton, D. G. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10594284 · Cited by 4,629
Collett, D. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4475-7 · Cited by 1,936
Blaxter, M. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203393000 · Cited by 1,094
League Tables and Their Limitations: Statistical Issues in Comparisons of Institutional Performance
Goldstein, H., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2983325 · Cited by 1,069
Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People?
Macintyre, S., Maciver, S., & Sooman, A. (1993) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279400019310 · Cited by 1,059
Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods
Rumberger, R. W. (1997) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7757(97)80188-4 · Cited by 980
Statistical Modelling Issues in School Effectiveness Studies
Aitkin, M., & Longford, N. (1986) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2981882 · Cited by 790
Spatial analysis: Modelling in a GIS environment
Longley, P., & Batty, M. (1996) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 555
Cited by
Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease
Roux, A. V. D., Merkin, S. S., Arnett, D., Chambless, L., Massing, M., Nieto, F. J., Sorlie, P., Szklo, M., Tyroler, H. A., & Watson, R. L. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200107123450205 · Cited by 1,799
Neighbourhood deprivation and health: does it affect us all equally?
Stafford, M., & Marmot, M. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg084 · Cited by 511
Neighborhood Disorder, Psychophysiological Distress, and Health
Hill, T. D., Ross, C. E., & Angel, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600204 · Cited by 507
From medical to health geography: novelty, place and theory after a decade of change
Kearns, R., & Moon, G. (2002) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132502ph389oa · Cited by 503
Self-citationWalking, exercising, and smoking: does neighborhood matter?
Ross, C. E. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00451-7 · Cited by 398
Metadata
- Authors
- Duncan, C., Jones, K., & Moon, G.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 497-505
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009711837
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 42
- FWCI
- 6.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00360-8
- The paper
- Duncan, C., Jones, K., & Moon, G. (1999). Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects? Social Science & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00360-8
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.