The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) in xenotransplantation
Abstract
Many patients with failing organs (e.g., heart, liver or kidneys), do not receive the needed organ because of an insufficient number of organ donors. Pig xenografts have been considered as an alternative source of organs for transplantation. The major obstacle currently known to prevent pig to human xenotransplantation is the interaction between the human natural anti-Gal antibody and the α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), abundantly expressed on pig cells. This short review describes the characteristics of anti-Gal and of the alpha-gal epitope, their role in inducing xenograft rejection and some experimental approaches for preventing this rejection.
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“Alpha-Gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) are specific carbohydrate structures found on the cell surface of non-primate mammals, such as pigs. These epitopes are absent in humans and Old-World monkeys due to mutations in the α1,3-galactosyl-transferase gene [64,65].”
From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
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Cites
Determination of aminosugar linkages in glycolipids by methylation
Stellner, K., Saito, H., & Hakomori, S. (1973) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(73)90138-0 · Cited by 830
Galili, U., Shohet, S. B., Kobrin, E., Stults, C. L., & Macher, B. A. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77900-9 · Cited by 817
Self-citationGalili, U. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90261-i · Cited by 659
Self-citationGood, A. H., Cooper, D. K. C., Malcolm, A. J., Ippolito, R. M., Koren, E., Neethling, F. A., YE, Y., Zuhdi, N., & Lamontagne, L. R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 639
A unique natural human IgG antibody with anti-alpha-galactosyl specificity.
Galili, U., Rachmilewitz, E. A., Peleg, A., & Flechner, I. (1984) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.160.5.1519 · Cited by 631
Self-citationAnti-pig IgM antibodies in human serum react predominantly with Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal epitopes.
Sandrin, M. S., Vaughan, H., Dabkowski, P., & McKenzie, I. F. C. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11391 · Cited by 606
The generation of transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans
Cozzi, E., & White, D. J. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0995-964 · Cited by 602
Transplantation of porcine fetal pancreas to diabetic patients
Groth, C. G. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90570-3 · Cited by 569
Galili, U., Clark, M. R., Shohet, S., Buehler, J., & Macher, B. A. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.5.1369 · Cited by 549
Self-citationGalili, U., Mandrell, R. E., Hamadeh, R. M., Shohet, S., & Griffiss, J. M. (1988) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.56.7.1730-1737.1988 · Cited by 549
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Good, 1992, Identification of carbohydrate structures which bind human anti-porcine antibodies: implication for discordant xenografting in man, Transplant. Proc., 24, 559
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Production of α1,3-Galactosyltransferase-Deficient Pigs
Phelps, C. J., Koike, C., Vaught, T. D., Boone, J. T., Wells, K. D., Chen, S.-H., Ball, S. F., Specht, S. M., Polejaeva, I. A., Monahan, J. A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1078942 · Cited by 1,111
Post-translational modifications in the context of therapeutic proteins
Walsh, G., & Jefferis, R. (2006) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1252 · Cited by 1,007
Brown, B. N., Valentin, J. E., Stewart-Akers, A. M., McCabe, G. P., & Badylak, S. F. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.040 · Cited by 896
Targeted disruption of the α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs
Dai, Y., Vaught, T. D., Boone, J. T., Chen, S.-H., Phelps, C. J., Ball, S. F., Monahan, J. A., Jobst, P. M., McCreath, K. J., Lamborn, A. E., et al. (2002) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0302-251 · Cited by 713
A Genetic Approach to Mammalian Glycan Function
Lowe, J. B., & Marth, J. D. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161809 · Cited by 602
Metadata
- Authors
- Galili, U.
- Affiliations
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galili, Uri
- ORCID
- Galili, Uri
- Venue
- Biochimie
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 0037-9042 (ISSN-L)
- 0300-9084
- OpenAlex
- W1987909360
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Xenotransplantation and immune response
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
- Keywords
- alpha-gal epitope, xenotransplantation, anti-Gal antibodies, xenograft rejection, organ shortage, rejection prevention, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Carbohydrate Sequence, Galactosyltransferases, Graft Rejection, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Swine, T-Lymphocytes, Transplantation, Heterologous, Trisaccharides
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