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Cited by 119Toxic Organic Pollutants ImpactIndoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureAir Quality and Health Impacts

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Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple

Lin, Ta-Chang, Chang, Feng-Hsiang, Hsieh, Jue-Hsien, Chao, How-Ran, Chao, Mu-Rong·2002·Journal of Hazardous Materials
DOI 10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00146-2
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Abstract

Incense burning, a common and popular practice among many families and in most temples in Taiwan, can result in indoor pollution-related health problems. This exploratory study was aimed at characterizing human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total suspended particulate (TSP) inside and around a Taiwanese temple, and to compare the indoor levels with levels outside. Additionally, three types of commonly used unburned incense and incense ash were analyzed in order to evaluate the relationship between incense composition and PAH emissions.Standard methods were used to determine air concentrations of 21 PAHs and TSP inside and around a chosen temple. Indoor mean total-PAH concentration, particle-bound PAH concentration and TSP concentration were 6258 ng/m(3), 490 micro g/g and 1316 micro g/m(3), respectively; values for outdoor readings were 231 ng/m (3), 245 micro g/g and 73 micro g/m(3), for outdoors, respectively indicating PAH and TSP concentrations inside 27 and 18 times greater, respectively than outdoors. With respect to concentrations of individual PAHs (particulate+gas phase), the five highest concentrations were of acenaphthylene (AcPy) (3583 ng/m(3)), naphthalene (Nap) (1264 ng/m(3)), acenaphthene (Acp) (349 ng/m(3)), fluoranthene (FL) (243 ng/m(3)) and phenanthrene (PA) (181 ng/m(3)). Median values for indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of individual PAHs ranged from 5.7 to 387.9, which implied that the temple was a significant PAH source. Moreover, PAH content of the tested stick incense and ash was very low. PAH levels inside the temple were much higher than those measured in the vicinity and inside residential houses; and were in fact close to levels measured at a local traffic intersection in Tainan, Taiwan, and those in a graphite-electrode producing plant during the graphitization process. It is obvious that such substantially high concentrations of PAHs and TSP constitute a potential health hazard to people working in or visiting the temple.

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Metadata

Authors
Lin, T.-C., Chang, F.-H., Hsieh, J.-H., Chao, H.-R., & Chao, M.-R.
Affiliations
National Cheng Kung University (TW)
Corresponding author
Lin, Ta-Chang
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-11
Volume
95
Issue
1-2
Pages
1-12
ISSN
0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00146-2
OpenAlex
W1981211406
Cited by
119
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI
2.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
Keywords
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total suspended particulates, incense burning, indoor air pollution, indoor-outdoor concentration ratio, acenaphthylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, acenaphthene, human exposure, health risks
MeSH terms
Humans, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Religion, Taiwan, Air Pollution, Indoor

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00146-2
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Lin, T.-C., Chang, F.-H., Hsieh, J.-H., Chao, H.-R., & Chao, M.-R. (2002). Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00146-2