Cited by 209Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchPain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and Opioid Use

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions

Naef, Myrtha, Curatolo, Michele, Petersen-Felix, Steen, Arendt-Nielsen, Lars, Zbinden, Alex, Brenneisen, Rudolf·2003·Pain

DOI 10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00163-5

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

From folk medicine and anecdotal reports it is known that Cannabis may reduce pain. In animal studies it has been shown that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has antinociceptive effects or potentiates the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The aim of this study was to measure the analgesic effect of THC, morphine, and a THC-morphine combination (THC-morphine) in humans using experimental pain models. THC (20 mg), morphine (30 mg), THC-morphine (20 mg THC+30 mg morphine), or placebo were given orally and as single doses. Twelve healthy volunteers were included in the randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover study. The experimental pain tests (order randomized) were heat, cold, pressure, single and repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Additionally, reaction time, side-effects (visual analog scales), and vital functions were monitored. For the pharmacokinetic profiling, blood samples were collected. THC did not significantly reduce pain. In the cold and heat tests it even produced hyperalgesia, which was completely neutralized by THC-morphine. A slight additive analgesic effect could be observed for THC-morphine in the electrical stimulation test. No analgesic effect resulted in the pressure and heat test, neither with THC nor THC-morphine. Psychotropic and somatic side-effects (sleepiness, euphoria, anxiety, confusion, nausea, dizziness, etc.) were common, but usually mild.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00163-5

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Method for quantitative estimation of thermal thresholds in patients.
Fruhstorfer, H., Lindblom, U., & Schmidt, W. C. (1976) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.11.1071 · Cited by 785
Cannabinoid receptors and pain
Pertwee, R. G. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00031-9 · Cited by 741
Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review
Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Campbell, F. A., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16 · Cited by 610
Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by ?9-THC in normal subjects
Zuardi, A. W., Shirakawa, I., Finkelfarb, E., & Karniol, I. G. (1982) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00432554 · Cited by 608
Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects
Mechoulam, R., Parker, L. A., & Gallily, R. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x · Cited by 530
Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review
Campbell, F. A., Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.13 · Cited by 422
Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2206 · Cited by 409
The analgesic properties of delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine
Noyes, R., Brunk, S. F., Avery, D. H., & Canter, A. (1975) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt197518184 · Cited by 378
Metabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in men and women
Wall, M. E., Sadler, B. M., Brine, D. R., Taylor, H. L., & Perez‐Reyes, M. (1983) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.179 · Cited by 346
Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts?
McPartland, J. M., & Russo, E. B. (2001) · Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics · doi:10.1300/j175v01n03_08 · Cited by 321

Show all 52 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 209

Combined Treatment with Morphine and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rhesus Monkeys: Antinociceptive Tolerance and Withdrawal
Gerak, L. R., & France, C. P. (2016) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.115.231381 · Cited by 26
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular toxicity of medical cannabinoids
Watanabe, A. H., Navaravong, L., Sirilak, T., Prasitwarachot, R., Nathisuwan, S., Page, R. L., II, & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2021) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.03.013 · Cited by 27
Psychological and Sensory Predictors of Experimental Thermal Pain: A Multifactorial Model
Starr, C. J., Houle, T. T., & Coghill, R. C. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.014 · Cited by 28
Cross-tolerance to cannabinoids in morphine-tolerant rhesus monkeys
Gerak, L. R., Zanettini, C., Koek, W., & France, C. P. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4023-x · Cited by 25
Lack of effect of central nervous system‐active doses of nabilone on capsaicin‐induced pain and hyperalgesia
Kalliomäki, J., Philipp, A., Baxendale, J., Annas, P., Karlsten, R., & Segerdahl, M. (2012) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05674.x · Cited by 25
Drug Response Profiles to Experimental Pain Are Opioid and Pain Modality Specific
Kindler, L. L., Sibille, K. T., Glover, T. L., Staud, R. M., Riley, J. L., & Fillingim, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.011 · Cited by 24
Cannabinoids against pain. Efficacy and strategies to reduce psychoactivity: a clinical perspective
Karst, M., & Wippermann, S. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543780802691951 · Cited by 24
Endocannabinoids Can Open the Pain Gate
Christie, M. J., & Mallet, C. (2009) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.288pe57 · Cited by 24
Bioavailability study of dronabinol oral solution versus dronabinol capsules in healthy volunteers
Parikh, N., Kramer, W. G., Khurana, V., Smith, C. C., & Vetticaden, S. J. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacology Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/cpaa.s115679 · Cited by 23
Ventilatory-depressant effects of opioids alone and in combination with cannabinoids in rhesus monkeys
Weed, P. F., Gerak, L. R., & France, C. P. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.041 · Cited by 21
Analgesic drug development: proof-of-mechanism and proof-of-concept in early phase clinical studies
Hijma, H. J., & Groeneveld, G. J. (2021) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100083 · Cited by 21
Effect profile of paracetamol, Δ9‐ THC and promethazine using an evoked pain test battery in healthy subjects
van Amerongen, G., Siebenga, P. S., de Kam, M. L., Hay, J. L., & Groeneveld, G. J. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1222 · Cited by 21
The endocannabinoid system: Novel targets for treating cancer induced bone pain
Sun, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, S., Wang, X., Xu, B., Li, D., Tian, Y., & Ye, D. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109504 · Cited by 19
Distress tolerance and cannabis craving: The impact of laboratory-induced distress.
Buckner, J. D., Walukevich‐Dienst, K., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000231 · Cited by 21
Symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis using cannabinoids: recent advances
Smith, P. F. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.9.1157 · Cited by 20
An Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Survey of Cannabis sativa of Taounate Region in Northern Morocco
Bouarfa, M., Lebtar, S., Boukhira, S., & Bousta, D. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research · doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2020.v64i02.019 · Cited by 19
Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol modulates pain sensitivity among persons receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid use disorder: A within‐subject, randomized, placebo‐controlled laboratory study
Aquino, J. P. D., Meyerovich, J., Xie, C. Z., Ranganathan, M., Compton, P. A., Pittman, B. P., Rogan, M., & Sofuoglu, M. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13317 · Cited by 19
Emerging targets in treating pain
Chang, D. S., Raghavan, R. S., Christiansen, S., & Cohen, S. P. (2015) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000216 · Cited by 19
Cannabinoid effects on responses to quantitative sensory testing among individuals with and without clinical pain: a systematic review
Mun, C. J., Letzen, J. E., Peters, E. N., Campbell, C. M., Vandrey, R. G., Gajewski-Nemes, J., DiRenzo, D., Caufield-Noll, C. P., & Finan, P. H. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001720 · Cited by 21
Cannabinoid-Based Medicines for Neurological Disorders—Clinical Evidence
Wright, S. (2007) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-007-0003-4 · Cited by 19
Beneficial effects of cannabidiol from Cannabis
Lee, S., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., Kim, H. J., Rhyu, H., Yoon, K. M., Lee, C.-D., & Lee, S. (2024) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-024-00867-w · Cited by 17
Real-Time Monitoring of Cannabis and Prescription Opioid Co-Use Patterns, Analgesic Effectiveness, and the Opioid-Sparing Effect of Cannabis in Individuals With Chronic Pain
Mun, C. J., Nordeck, C. D., Goodell, E. M. A., Vandrey, R. G., Zipunnikov, V. M., Dunn, K. E., Finan, P. H., & Thrul, J. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.06.009 · Cited by 17
Endocannabinoids Have Opposing Effects On Behavioral Responses To Nociceptive And Non-nociceptive Stimuli
Summers, T. L., Hanten, B., Peterson, W., & Burrell, B. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06114-1 · Cited by 18
Antinociception mechanisms of action of cannabinoid-based medicine: an overview for anesthesiologists and pain physicians
Narouze, S. (2020) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-102114 · Cited by 18
Analgesic drugs in development
Hill, R. G. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-443-07287-6/50040-0 · Cited by 17
Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Pain: An Update on Recent Clinical Trials
Ware, M. A., & Beaulieu, P. (2005) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2005/847562 · Cited by 17
Living with Head and Neck Cancer and Coping with Dying when Treatments Fail
Elackattu, A. P., & Jalisi, S. M. (2009) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2008.09.004 · Cited by 16
Endocannabinoids, through opioids and prostaglandins, contribute to fever induced by key pyrogenic mediators
Fraga, D., Zanoni, C. I. S., Zampronio, A. R., Parada, C. A., Rae, G. A., & de Souza, G. E. P. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.014 · Cited by 15
Do cannabinoids have a role in cancer pain management?
Farquhar-Smith, W. P. (2009) · Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care · doi:10.1097/spc.0b013e3283260612 · Cited by 15
Linking in Vitro Lipolysis and Microsomal Metabolism for the Quantitative Prediction of Oral Bioavailability of BCS II Drugs Administered in Lipidic Formulations.
Benito-Gallo, P., Marlow, M., Zann, V., Scholes, P., & Gershkovich, P. (2016) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00597 · Cited by 15
The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians
Köstenberger, M., Nahler, G., Jones, T., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., & Likar, R. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10010-x · Cited by 16
Within-subject, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of combining the cannabinoid dronabinol and the opioid hydromorphone in adults with chronic pain
Campbell, C. M., Mun, C. J., Hamilton, K. R., Bergeria, C. L., Huhn, A. S., Speed, T. J., Vandrey, R. G., & Dunn, K. E. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01597-1 · Cited by 14
Cannabinoid Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Reality
Carrascosa, A. J., Navarrete, F., Saldaña, R., García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Moreno, B. M., Navarro, D., Gómez-Guijarro, F. M., Gasparyan, A., Murcia-Sánchez, E., Torregrosa, A. B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25116268 · Cited by 16
The State of Synthetic Cannabinoid Medications for the Treatment of Pain
Maglaviceanu, A., Peer, M., Rockel, J. S., Bonin, R. P., Fitzcharles, M., Ladha, K. S., Bhatia, A., Leroux, T. S., Kotra, L. P., Kapoor, M., et al. (2024) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-024-01098-9 · Cited by 14
Effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the cerebral processing of olfactory input in healthy non-addicted subjects
Walter, C., Oertel, B. G., Felden, L., Nöth, U., Vermehren, J., Deichmann, R., & Lötsch, J. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-017-2331-2 · Cited by 13
Cannabis-opioid interaction in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: an open-label, proof of concept study with randomization between treatment groups: cannabis, oxycodone or cannabis/oxycodone combination—the SPIRAL study
van Dam, C. J., van Velzen, M., Kramers, C., Schellekens, A., Olofsen, E., Niesters, M., & Dahan, A. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07078-6 · Cited by 13
In vitro metabolism of tebuconazole, flurtamone, fenhexamid, metalaxyl‐ M and spirodiclofen in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) callus cultures
Hillebrands, L., Lamshoeft, M., Lagojda, A., Stork, A., & Kayser, O. (2021) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.6575 · Cited by 11
Cannabinoids for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases: A systematic review
Kuzumi, A., Yamashita, T., Fukasawa, T., Yoshizaki‐Ogawa, A., Sato, S., & Yoshizaki, A. (2024) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.15064 · Cited by 11
Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Arylpiperazine Derivatives for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Chen, Y., Wang, G., Xu, X., Liu, B., Li, J., & Zhang, G. (2011) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules16075785 · Cited by 11
A Case Report on Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Palliative Care: How Good Intentions Can Go Wrong
Senderovich, H., & Waicus, S. (2022) · Oncology Research and Treatment · doi:10.1159/000524746 · Cited by 10
Role of Cannabinoids in Pain Management
Halawa, O. I., Furnish, T. J., & Wallace, M. S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40196-8.00056-5 · Cited by 10
No antinociceptive synergy between morphine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats with persistent inflammatory pain
Britch, S. C., & Craft, R. M. (2021) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000657 · Cited by 10
The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States
Murray, C. H., Gannon, B. M., Winsauer, P. J., Cooper, Z. D., & Delatte, M. S. (2024) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001121 · Cited by 10
In an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, psychoactive doses of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol fail to produce antinociceptive effects in healthy human volunteers
Schindler, E. A. D., Martin, A. M. S., Sewell, R. A., Ranganathan, M., DeForest, A., Pittman, B. P., Perrino, A. C., & D’Souza, D. C. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05595-9 · Cited by 9
Determination of ajulemic acid and its glucuronide in human plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
BATISTA, C., Berisha, M. D., Karst, M., Salim, K., Schneider, U., & Brenneisen, R. (2005) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.013 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
The safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Smith, P. F. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.4.3.443 · Cited by 10
Disruption of IFN-γ–Mediated Antiviral Activity in Neurons: The Role of Cannabinoids
Herrera, R. A., Oved, J. H., & Reiss, C. S. (2008) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2007.0109 · Cited by 9
Metabolism of Fenhexamid, Metalaxyl-M, Tebuconazole, Flurtamone, and Spirodiclofen in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) Plants
Hillebrands, L., Lamshoeft, M., Lagojda, A., Stork, A., & Kayser, O. (2021) · ACS Agricultural Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsagscitech.1c00010 · Cited by 8
Developing non-opioid therapeutics to alleviate pain among persons with opioid use disorder: a review of the human evidence
de Oliveira, D. S., Fontenele, R., Weleff, J., Sofuoglu, M., & Aquino, J. P. D. (2023) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2229430 · Cited by 8
Cannabinoide—Signaltransduktion und Wirkung
Rukwied, R., Gauter, B., Schley, M. T., & Konrad, C. J. (2004) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-004-0349-8 · Cited by 8
Das endogene Cannabinoidsystem
Schneider, U., Seifert, J., Karst, M., Schlimme, J. E., Cimander, K. F., & Müller‐Vahl, K. (2005) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-005-1888-7 · Cited by 8
Cannabinoids and acute/postoperative pain management
Beaulieu, P. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002294 · Cited by 8
Cannabis and Postoperative Analgesia
Cawich, S. O., Deonarine, U., Harding, H. E., Dan, D., & Naraynsingh, V. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00052-1 · Cited by 7
The endogenous cannabinoid system. Therapeutic implications for neurologic and psychiatric disorders
Schneider, U., Seifert, J., Karst, M., Schlimme, J. E., Cimander, K. F., & Müller‐Vahl, K. (2005) · Der Nervenarzt · Cited by 7
Cannabis Use and Anesthesia
Dahan, A., Hooten, W. M., & Furnish, T. J. (2024) · Advances in Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.aan.2024.07.007 · Cited by 7
Effects of opioid/cannabinoid mixtures on impulsivity and memory in rhesus monkeys
Minervini, V., & France, C. P. (2020) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000551 · Cited by 6
Inhaled Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol does not enhance oxycodone-induced respiratory depression: randomised controlled trial in healthy volunteers
van Dam, C. J., van der Schrier, R. M., van Velzen, M., van Lemmen, M. A., Simons, P. J., Kuijpers, K. W. K., Jansen, S. C., Kowal, M. A., Olofsen, E., Kramers, C., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.12.018 · Cited by 6
Cannabis combined with oxycodone for pain relief in fibromyalgia pain: a randomized clinical self-titration trial with focus on adverse events
van Dam, C. J., Kramers, C., Schellekens, A., Bouvy, M. L., van Dorp, E., Kowal, M. A., Olofsen, E., Dahan, A., Niesters, M., & van Velzen, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1497111 · Cited by 8
The Role of Medicinal Cannabis as an Emerging Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder
Le, K., Le, K. D. R., Nguyen, J., Hua, J., & Munday, S. (2024) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-024-00599-1 · Cited by 5
Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Ahmadzadeh, A. M., Pourali, G., Mirheidari, S. B., Shirazinia, M., Hamedi, M., Mehri, A., Amirbeik, H., Saghebdoust, S., Tayarani‐Najaran, Z., Sathyapalan, T., et al. (2023) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201024666230714143538 · Cited by 5
Low to moderate doses of 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) produce analgesic effects in healthy volunteers: a proof of principle study with a designer drug
Ramaekers, J. G., Reckweg, J. T., Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Toennes, S. W., & Theunissen, E. L. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06798-8 · Cited by 4
Cannabis und Cannabinoide zur Therapie akuter und chronischer Schmerzen
Schäfer, M., & Tafelski, S. (2021) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-021-00994-9 · Cited by 4
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces the performance in sensory delayed discrimination tasks. A pharmacological-fMRI study in healthy volunteers
Walter, C., Oertel, B. G., Felden, L., Nöth, U., Deichmann, R., & Lötsch, J. (2019) · IBRO Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibror.2019.11.004 · Cited by 4
Tilidine and dipyrone (metamizole) in cold pressor pain: A pooled analysis of efficacy, tolerability, and safety in healthy volunteers
Kleine‐Borgmann, J., Wilhelmi, J., Kratel, J., Baumann, F., Schmidt, K., Zunhammer, M., & Bingel, U. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.13058 · Cited by 4
Recent Analytical Approaches in Quality Control of Cannabis sativa L. and Its Preparations
Ibrahim, E.-S., Hadad, G. M., Salam, R. A. A., Ibrahim, A. K., Ahmed, S. A., Radwan, M. M., Gul, W., & ElSohly, M. A. (2018) · Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences/Records of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.21608/rpbs.2018.5518.1014 · Cited by 4
Cannabinoids and Neuropathic Pain
Brownjohn, P. W., & Ashto, J. C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/36889 · Cited by 4
The Endocannabinoid System and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids
Martin, B. R. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_6 · Cited by 4
Spinal neuroplasticity in chronic pain
Zeilhofer, H. U. (2011) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1007/s13295-011-0018-1 · Cited by 4
Cannabis, cannabinoids, and receptor responses
Yang, Y., Derwish, R., & Kotra, L. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89862-1.00025-8 · Cited by 3
Cannabinoids in pain and palliative care medicine – hope or dope?
Kraft, B., & Kress, H. G. (2009) · memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12254-009-0148-0 · Cited by 2
Cannabinoids and Pain
Hulland, O., & Oswald, J. C. (2021) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2020.12.005 · Cited by 3
Marijuana and Cannabinoids for Pain
Furnish, T. J., & Wallace, M. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30964-4_7 · Cited by 2
Pharmacodynamic effects following co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids: a scoping review of human experimental studies
Guy, D., Wootten, J. C., Wong, M., Turski, D., Lukewich, M. K., Alboog, A. S., Kandasamy, A. R., Gregory, J., & Poolacherla, R. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae024 · Cited by 2
Quantification and time course of subjective psychotropic and somatic effects of tetrahydrocannabinol – a prospective, single-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial in healthy volunteers
Kleine‐Brueggeney, M., Huber, M., Theiler, L. G., Priemer, F., & Greif, R. T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06338-2 · Cited by 2
Medicine vs. Myth: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis for Opioid Use Disorder and Pain
Sarkar, P. R., Vincent, C., Szeto, A., Zhai, X., Keshavan, M. S., & Hill, K. P. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00641-y · Cited by 3
Potential use of cannabimimetics in the treatment of cancer
PETROCELLIS, L. D., Bifulco, M., Ligresti, A., & Marzo, V. D. (2005) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-7643-7358-x_9 · Cited by 2
Cannabis sativa
(2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_2 · Cited by 2
Perceptions in Orthopedic Surgery on the Use of Cannabis in Treating Pain: A Survey of Musculoskeletal Trauma Patients—Results From the Canadian POSIT Study
Gjorgjievski, M., Madden, K., Bullen, C., Koziarz, F., Koziarz, A., Cenic, A., Li, S., Bhandari, M., & Johal, H. S. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000002848 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Reference Ranges for Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Medical Cannabis, Nabiximols, Dronabinol and Nabilone
Amann, F., Hefner, G., Cremer-Schaeffer, P., Gründer, G., Häuser, W., Hart, X. M., Petzke, F. W., Zernig, G., & Havemann‐Reinecke, U. (2026) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2853-4984 · Cited by 1
Pharmacotherapy of chronic orofacial pain
Benoliel, R., & Sharav, Y. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7234-3412-2.10016-1 · Cited by 1
Cannabinoids
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012419239-3/50044-8 · Cited by 1
Opioid Overdose
Jones, J. D., Luba, R. R., Mumtaz, M., & Castillo, F. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618431.013.30 · Cited by 1
Medical Use of Cannabinoids and Psychedelic Compounds
Inserra, A., Gregorio, D. D., & Gobbi, G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_141-1 · Cited by 1
The Endocannabinoid System as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Saramak, K., & Szejko, N. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.114388 · Cited by 1
O uso do cannabidiol no tratamento e manejo da dor
Maccori, G. F., Nascente, I. M., Ceigol, P. A. B., da Silva, E. F., Bernardes, C. O., Lorenz, V. H. D., de Carvalho, T. N. N., Santos, A. C. A. N., Hanna, L. M., de Sá, J. V. F., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n2-255 · Cited by 1
Daring discourse – no: cannabinoids should not be used for acute postoperative pain management
Meeker, J. D., Ayrian, E., & Mariano, E. R. (2020) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101475 · Cited by 1
Cannabinoids: The Case for Legal Regulation That Permits Recreational Adult Use
Gregory, T. T., O’Malley, K. Y., Medina-Kirchner, C., Grifell, M., & Hart, C. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84834-7_13 · Cited by 1
Targeting the Endocannabinoid Metabolic Enzymes to Reduce Inflammatory Pain
Ghosh, S. (2014) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/ngv2-th75 · Cited by 1
Cannabinoide in der Palliativmedizin
Kress, H. G., & Kraft, B. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-211-32188-8_13 · Cited by 1
Regional Anesthesia and Pain Effects of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, on postoperative pain (Les effets de la nabilone, un cannabinoïde synthétique, sur la douleur postopératoire)
Beaulieu, P. (2006) · Cited by 1
The Analgesic Profiles of Opioids in Human Experimental Pain Models
Olesen, A. E. (2009)
The endocannabinoid signalling system: Implications for anaesthesia and the pain clinic
Dougalis, A., & Lees, G. (2005) · Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.cacc.2005.03.004
Nabilone in inflammatory pain: to be or not to be
Guindon, J. (2012) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05687.x
Fármacos analgésicos en desarrollo
Hill, R. G. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8174-949-6.50035-6
Novel approaches in clinical development of cannabinoid drugs
Klumpers, L. E. (2014) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Case Report #10—Euthanasia (Assisted Suicide) or Palliative Sedation
Plourde, G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815966-8.00010-2
Canabinoides
Rice, A. S. C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8174-949-6.50034-4
Biomarkers of Agitation in Patients with Alzheimer's disease
Ruthirakuhan, M. T. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Cannabinoids as a Substitute for Opioids: Suggested Algorithm
Oso, T., Hirani, S., Chung, M. J., Benkli, B., & Le-Short, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69186-8_28
Cannabinoids
Rice, A. S. C. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-443-07287-6/50039-4

Authors: Naef, M., Curatolo, M., Petersen-Felix, S., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Zbinden, A., & Brenneisen, R.
Affiliations: University of Bern (CH)
University Hospital of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author: Brenneisen, Rudolf
ORCID: Curatolo, Michele
Venue: Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2003-09
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 79-88
ISSN: 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00163-5
OpenAlex: W2091487276
Cited by: 209
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 6.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Novartis Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine, analgesia, experimental pain, antinociception, hyperalgesia, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, cannabis, opioid analgesics, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics
MeSH terms: Adult, Analgesics, Opioid, Cold Temperature, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Morphine, Pain, Palliative Care, Pressure, Dronabinol, Pain Threshold, Cross-Over Studies, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks