The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence
Abstract
This paper reviews the empirical literature on adolescent nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and their associated features. Data documenting nicotine dependence scores, diagnoses, and individual features among adolescents are reviewed in detail and compared to observations based on adult smokers. These data are derived from a broad variety of sources, including national surveys, school-based surveys, and smoking cessation studies. Overall, results indicate that one to three out of five adolescent smokers is dependent on nicotine, with some adolescent groups clearly at higher risk for dependence (those who are incarcerated, in vocational schools, daily smokers, and/or heavy smokers). Across studies, data consistently indicate that a large majority (two-thirds or more) of adolescent smokers report experiencing withdrawal symptoms during attempts to quit or reduce their smoking. Craving or strong desire to smoke was the most commonly reported withdrawal symptom in every study reviewed. Although analyses of concurrent validity generally support the dependence and withdrawal findings among adolescents, data on the predictive validity of measures used are needed. Moreover, studies of adolescent tobacco withdrawal rely almost exclusively on retrospective self-report data. Recommendations for enhancing methodology and advancing our understanding of adolescent nicotine dependence and withdrawal are offered.
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“Adolescents report symptoms of dependence even at low levels of cigarette consumption (Colby et al. 2000; Kandel and Chen 2000).”
From Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Nicotine Exposure during Adolescence for Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Network Function (2012) · cites this paper as Colby et al. 2000
Citations
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
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Kandel, D. B. (1997) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(96)01315-4 · Cited by 395
Brief motivational interviewing in a hospital setting for adolescent smoking: A preliminary study.
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 1994, Reasons for tobacco use and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal among adolescent and young adult tobacco users — United States, 1993, Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep., 43, 445
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 · Cited by 1,113
Stages in the development of adolescent smoking
Mayhew, K. P., Flay, B. R., & Mott, J. A. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00165-9 · Cited by 535
DiFranza, J. R. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.3.228 · Cited by 445
Motivational Influences on Cigarette Smoking
Baker, T. B., Brandon, T. H., & Chassin, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142054 · Cited by 363
Goriounova, N. A., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012120 · Cited by 307
“Adolescents report symptoms of dependence even at low levels of cigarette consumption (Colby et al. 2000; Kandel and Chen 2000).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Colby, S. M., Tiffany, S. T., Shiffman, S., & Niaura, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Colby, Suzanne M
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 59
- Pages
- 83-95
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089338173
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA080255)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- adolescent smoking, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, craving, smoking cessation, adolescent smokers, incarcerated adolescents, vocational education students, daily smokers, heavy smokers, self-report validity, tobacco use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Prevalence
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