The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo
Abstract
The comorbidity of vertigo and anxiety has been an integral component of the medical literature since antiquity. In the works of Plato, the same terms were used in the context of vertigo, inebriation, height vertigo, disorientation, and mental confusion. In classical medicine, vertigo had the ambiguous status of being both a disease per se and a symptom of other diseases such as hypochondriacal melancholy. Further, two etiologies were described for vertigo: an origin in the head (brain) and an origin in the hypochondria (abdominal viscera). In the course of the development of a detailed neurologic taxonomy of vertigo in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a debate ensued whether agoraphobia was a form of vertigo or a distinct psychiatric condition. Elucidation of this forgotten debate, within its historical context, provides insights into the recent rediscovery of the balance-anxiety interface.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“PPPD manifests with one or more symptoms of dizziness, unsteadiness, or non-spinning vertigo that are present on most days for three months or more and are exacerbated by upright posture, active or passive movement, and exposure to moving or complex visual stimuli.”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Principles Of Gestalt Psychology
Koffka, K. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315009292 · Cited by 4,306
Liddell, H. G., & Scott, R. 1.-1. (1968) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1,455
Principles of Gestalt Psychology.
Hartmann, G. W. (1936) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0051973 · Cited by 1,094
Duke-Elder, S. (1950) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4654.650-a · Cited by 1,046
Ferrier, D. (1876) · G P Putnam's Sons eBooks · doi:10.1037/12860-000 · Cited by 872
A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System.
(1892) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1892.02420130030009 · Cited by 679
Howell, W. H. (1909) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00000441-190902000-00019 · Cited by 512
Goldberg, J. M., & Fernández, C. (1984) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010321 · Cited by 322
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Bach, 1894, Ueber künstlich erzeugten Nystagmus bei normalen Individen und bei Taubstummen, Beitrag zur Physiologie des Ohrlabyrinthes. Archiv fuer Augenheilkunde, 30, 10
- Benedikt, 1870, Über “Platzschwindel”, Allgemeine Wien Medizin Zeitschrift, 15, 488
- Björnström, 1872, Om agoraphobi, Upsala Laekarefoerenings Foerhandlingar, 8, 105
- Cordes, 1872, Die Platzangst (Agoraphobie), Symptomeiner Erschöpfungsparese, Zeitschrift fuer Psychiatrie, Berlin, 3, 521
- Jackson, 1872, Agoraphobia, eisophobia, autophobia, The Clinic (Cincinnati), 2, 61
- Lannois, 1898, Les lésions auriculaires sont une cause déterminante fréquente de l'agoraphobie, Annales des Maladies de l'Oreille, du Larynx, du Nez et du Pharynx, 24, 286
- Legrand du Saulle, 1876, De la peur des espaces (agoraphobie des Allemands), Annales Medico–Psychologiques, 5, 405
- McKendrick, 1900, The ear, vol. 2, 1194
- Perroud, 1873, Note sur l'agoraphobie, Annales de la Societe de Medecine de Lyon, 21, 82
- Physician [Anonymous] (1738). A treatise of diseases of the head, brain and nerves … to which is subjoined a discourse on the nature, real cause, and certain cure of melancholy in men, and vapours in women (6th ed.). London: Gentlewoman's at the Two Blue Posts in Haydon-Yard in the Minories.
- Ritti, 1876, Minutes of discussion of Legrand du Saulle, de la peur des espaces (agoraphobie des Allemands), Annales Medico–Psychologiques, 5, 414
- Robert, 1894, Agorafobia auricular: dilatación de la trompa izquierda: curación, Revista de Medicina y Cirugia Pratica (Madrid), 35, 57
- Seguin, 1873, Agoraphobia; a pecularir neuropathic state by Prof. C. Westphal, Archives of Scientific and Practical Medicine, 1, 181
- Spurzheim J. G. (1817). Observations on the deranged manifestations of the mind or insanity (pp. 42–65, 111–113, 172–179). London: Baldwin, Craddock and Joy.
- Yardley, 1994, Vestibular and posturographic test results in people with symptoms of panic and agoraphobia, Journal of Audiological Medicine, 3, 48
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–156 of 156
Cognitive bias in dizziness: Emotional stroop and autobiographical memories
Andersson, G., Fredriksson, M., Jansson, M., Ingerholt, C., & Larsen, H. C. (2004) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070410030098 · Cited by 7
Trait anxiety increases the attentional cost of walking in young adults: A cross-sectional study
Krasovsky, T., Holtzer, R., Jahjah, E., & Fruchter, E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.027 · Cited by 5
Ghazal, Y. A., & Hinton, D. E. (2016) · History of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0957154x16657710 · Cited by 5
Quality of Life Rating for Dizziness: A Self-reporting Questionnaire
Ranjan, R., Bhat, J. S., & Naik, P. E. M. V. (2017) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-017-1090-9 · Cited by 5
A pilot study of a novel specs for chronic dizziness
Gordon, C. R., Tamir, R., Furas, R., Klein, C., & Roth, R. (2018) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12968 · Cited by 5
Vestibular Disorders: Pearls and Pitfalls
Choi, W. Y., & Gold, D. R. (2019) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1698752 · Cited by 5
A Psychiatric Approach to Chronic Dizziness
Staab, J. P., & Ruckenstein, M. J. (2005) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20050401-07 · Cited by 5
Psychological aspects of vestibular disorders
Staab, J. P. (2009) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(10)09038-6 · Cited by 5
Cento, S., Gammeri, R., Zavattaro, C., Cirillo, E., Serra, H., & Ricci, R. (2026) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.1177/09574271251412707 · Cited by 6
Womble, M. N., Durfee, K. J., Jennings, S., Fedor, S., Zynda, A. J., Philip Schatz, A., Collins, M. W., Kontos, A. P., & Elbin, R. J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0472 · Cited by 3
Affective Architectures: Photographic Evidence and the Evolution of Courtroom Visuality
Moore, K. (2018) · Journal of Visual Culture · doi:10.1177/1470412918783841 · Cited by 3
Kantekin, Y., Karaaslan, Ö., Dağıstan, H., & Can, İ. H. (2020) · Journal of Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.28982/josam.605104 · Cited by 3
The Moving History of Vestibular Stimulation as a Therapeutic Intervention
Grabherr, L., Macauda, G., & Lenggenhager, B. (2017) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004342248_015 · Cited by 3
Indovina, I., Cacciola, A., Monache, S. D., Milardi, D., Lacquaniti, F., Toschi, N., Cochereau, J., & Bosco, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1163005 · Cited by 2
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness as a regulatory dysfunction of the balance system
Мирзаева, Л. М., Voronov, V. A., Demidenko, D. Y., Savinova, A. K., & Griva, A. I. (2023) · HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov · doi:10.17816/mechnikov115269 · Cited by 2
Optimizing the management of patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness and migraine
Zastenskaya, E. N., & Antonenko, L. M. (2023) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-23-94-100 · Cited by 2
Cognitive-Emotional-Vestibular Triad in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Banerjee, N., Getz, S. J., & Levin, B. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812344-7.00013-3 · Cited by 3
Motion Sickness: Our Evolving Understanding and Problems
Lackner, J. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21621-0 · Cited by 2
Comment on: “Persistent-postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD): Yes, it is a psychosomatic condition!”
Staab, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.3233/ves-190680 · Cited by 2
Li, J., Bai, X., Liu, G., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Fang, R., Peng, F., Chen, X., Ju, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70097 · Cited by 1
Postural stability and dizziness symptoms in patients with migraine without aura
Özkar, B., & Söylemez, E. (2026) · Kastamonu Medical Journal · doi:10.66235/kumj.1906773 · Cited by 1
Casani, A. P., Ducci, N., Califano, L., & Gufoni, M. (2026) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres16030079 · Cited by 1
Dizziness: Interfacing Psychiatry and Neuro-Otology
Mazza, S., Marano, G., & Mazza, M. (2009) · Cited by 1
RESPONSES OF PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS NEURONS TO WHOLE-BODY MOTION IN THE MACAQUE
McCandless, C. H. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Beyond Vertigo- Perceptual Postural Phobic Dizziness (PPPD): Our experience
Tripathi, S. M., Tripathi, S., Shantha, N., & Goyal, S. (2021) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02984-0 · Cited by 1
New onset episodic vertigo as a presentation of vestibular neuritis
Tang, L., Jiang, W., & Wang, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.984865 · Cited by 1
Psychological Morbidity in Patients with Vestibular Disorders
Staab, J. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40524-2_13 · Cited by 1
Emotional, Behavioral and Social Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy
Masi, G., & Brovedani, P. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7_9 · Cited by 1
The Relationship Between Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo and Anxiety
Gul, A. I., Özkırış, M., Aydın, R., Simsek, G. G., & Saydam, L. (2014) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5336/medsci.2014-39518 · Cited by 1
EVestG signals: Feature selection
Lithgow, B. J., & Heibert, D. (2009) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2009.5109372 · Cited by 1
Infirmary, H. R., & Pearce, J. (2021) · Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation · doi:10.47795/tdvx5113 · Cited by 1
Neurodevelopmental Problems in a Clinical Sample of Children with Anxiety Disorders
Skirbekk, B. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
BALANCE AND VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
ALMohiza, M. A. (2014) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Gross motor performance in children with psychiatric conditions
Emck, C. (2011) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Dellar, B. J. (2006) · eSpace (Curtin University)
Haven, K., & Balaban, C. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812344-7.00007-8
Self-citationIbeneme, S. C., Eze, J. N., Okonkwo, U. P., Ibeneme, G. C., & Fortwengel, G. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1127968/v1
Clinical Characteristics of Unsustainable Vertigo In Patients With Vestibular NeuritisPreprint
Tang, L., Jiang, W., & Wang, T. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1217008/v1
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-008
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-006
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-007
INCORPORATING CAMP IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-005
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-009
BATTERED WOMEN IN A CYBERNETIC MILIEU
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-003
AUTHENTICATING TESTIMONY IN THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURTROOM
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-004
AUTHENTICATING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-002
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022947-001
Vestibular rehabilitation following head injury
MacDonald, K. C., Herman, S. D., & Katz, L. W. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-87482-3.00006-5
Şimşekoğlu, R., & Çakmak, S. (2023) · Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.21673/anadoluklin.1381605
Angst und Stress im Alpinsport
van der Kallen, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69578-4_46
Emotional, Behavioral, and Social Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy
Masi, G., Falcone, F., & Brovedani, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09211-3_10
Anand, S., Kumar, K., Nilisha, D. A., & Ranjan, R. (2025) · Hearing Balance and Communication · doi:10.4103/hbc.hbc_36_24
Anxiety and Stress in Alpine Sports
van der Kallen, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-73022-5_46
Toward personalized medicine for mal de débarquement syndrome
Maruta, J., Cho, C., & Yakushin, S. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1824869
Nada, E., Elsayed, H. A., & Abdelmalak, Y. A. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1186/s43163-026-01204-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Balaban, C. D., & Jacob, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Balaban, Carey D.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 27-51
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083985232
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC000739, 1P01 DC03417, P01DC003417, R01 DC00739)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
- Keywords
- vertigo, anxiety, comorbidities, history of medicine, agoraphobia, health anxiety, vertigo etiology, balance disorders, history of neurology, classical medicine
- MeSH terms
- Agoraphobia, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Vertigo, Comorbidity, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review