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Cited by 300Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bi-directional immune–brain communication: Implications for understanding stress, pain, and cognition

Maier, Steven F·2003·Brain Behavior and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00032-1
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Abstract

The immune system and the central nervous system form a bi-directional communication network. The critical roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both the periphery and the nervous system are discussed. In the periphery, these cytokines initiate the processes that signal the brain that immune activation has occurred, and communicate this information over both neural and blood-borne routes. The arrival of these signals in the central nervous system induces a neural cascade that includes the de novo induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The functions of these cytokines in the nervous system are discussed, and it is argued that they play a key role in regulating the neural control of immune processes in the periphery. In addition, it is argued that these cytokines play a variety of other roles, and some implications of the cytokine network for understanding stress, behavior, sensory processing, mood, and cognition are described. The overall argument is that because brain-mediated host defense involves behavioral, sensory, mood, and cognitive alterations, immune activation, and immune products such as the cytokines can have a pervasive effect on these functions. Finally, these phenomena are placed in an evolutionary perspective.

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Citations

Cites

Show all 140 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Clathworthy, 1994, Cytokines may act as signals for the injury-induced hyperexcitability in nociceptive sensory neurons of Aplysia, Acta Biol. Hung., 43, 269
  2. Gazda, 2000, Stress suppresses the adaptive immune response, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 26, 1958
  3. Goehler, 1999, Interleukin-1 beta in immune cells of the abdominal vagus nerve: An immune to nervous system link?, J. Neurosci., 19, 2799, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02799.1999 · DOI
  4. Gourine, 1998, Role of hypothalamic interleukin-1β in fever induced by cecal ligation and punture in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 275, R754
  5. Hansen, 2001, The role of the vagus nerve in interleukin-1β-induced fever depends on dose, Am. J. Physiol., 280, R929
  6. Laye, 1995, Subdiaphragmatic vagomotomy blocks induction of IL-1β mRNA in mice brain in response to peripheral LPS, Am. J. Physiol., 268, R1327
  7. Laye, 2000, Endogenous brain IL-1 mediates LPS-induced anorezia and hypothalamic cytokine expression, Am. J. Physiol., 279, R93
  8. Reeve, 1998, Electrophysiological study on the spinal effect of IL-1β on the responses of dorsal horn neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24, 155
  9. Watkins, 1994, Blockade of interleukin-1 induced fever by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: Evidence for vagal mediation of immune–brain communication, Neurosci. Lett., 183, 1
  10. Watkins, 1994, Bockade of interleukin-1 induced fever by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: Evidence for vagal mediation of immune-to-brain communication, Neurosci. Lett., 183, 1

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Metadata

Authors
Maier, S. F.
Affiliations
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author
Maier, Steven F
ORCID
Maier, Steven F
Venue
Brain Behavior and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-04
Volume
17
Issue
2
Pages
69-85
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00032-1
OpenAlex
W2081694980
Cited by
300
References
140
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
FWCI
5.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
inflammatory cytokines, neuroinflammation, stress, pain, cognition, mood, sensory processing, evolutionary perspective
MeSH terms
Brain, Cognition, Humans, Pain, Stress, Physiological, Neuroimmunomodulation

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