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Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis

Ferrario, Virgilio F., Sforza, Chiarella, Serrao, Graziano, Colombo, Anna, Ciusa, Veronica·1999·American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
DOI 10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70220-9
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Abstract

The normal growth and development of facial soft tissues from 6 years to adulthood has been studied by the 3D computerized mesh diagram analysis. The analysis allows independent quantifications of size and shape modifications both between different age groups, and between males and females. Normal age-related and sex-related references are provided. The three-dimensional facial morphometry method has been used for the collection of the x, y, z coordinates of 22 soft tissue landmarks in 2023 examinations performed on 1157 healthy white children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years of age and 191 young adults. The method detects the three-dimensional coordinates of retroreflective, wireless markers positioned on selected facial landmarks using two charge-coupled device cameras working in the infrared field. For each sex and age class, mean values were computed, and a standardized mesh of equidistant horizontal, vertical, and anteroposterior lines was consequently constructed. Within each age group, male meshes were superimposed on female meshes. Moreover, within each sex, the adult reference mesh was superimposed on the reference mesh of each age group. The global (size plus shape) difference was then evaluated by the calculation of the relevant displacement vectors for each soft tissue landmark. A global difference factor was calculated as the sum of the modules of all the displacement vectors. Consequently, a size normalization was performed, and the shape difference (size…

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  • Infants' faces change substantially at a young age.

    “infants’ faces change substantially at a young age (Chakravarty et al., 2011; Farkas et al., 1992; Ferrario et al., 1999)”

    From Unfamiliar face matching with photographs of infants and children (2018) · cites this paper as Ferrario et al., 1999

  • Accelerated growth of facial structure in childhood and adolescence increases task difficulty for humans, as previously shown for machine recognition.

    “This suggests that accelerated growth of facial structure in childhood and adolescence [24, 25] increases task difficulty for humans; as has previously been shown for machine recognition [27].”

    From Error Rates in Users of Automatic Face Recognition Software (2015) · cites this paper as [24]

  • The human face undergoes significant anatomical change during childhood, and this change is quantitatively and qualitatively different from changes occurring during adulthood.

    “The human face undergoes significant anatomical change during childhood, and the change is both quantitatively [24] and qualitatively [25] different to changes occurring during adulthood.”

    From Error Rates in Users of Automatic Face Recognition Software (2015) · cites this paper as [24]

Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 30

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  9. Ferrario, 1996, Facial three-dimensional morphometry, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 109, 86, 10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70167-1 · DOI
  10. Ferrario, 1995, New television technique for natural head and body posture analysis, J Craniomandib Pract, 13, 247
  11. Farkas, 1996, Accuracy of anthropometric measurements: past, present, and future, Cleft Palate-Craniofac J, 33, 10, 10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0010_aoampp_2.3.co_2 · DOI
  12. Farkas, 1992, Growth and development of regional units in the head and face based on anthropometric measurements, Cleft Palate-Craniofac J, 29, 301, 10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0301_gadoru_2.3.co_2 · DOI
  13. Prahl-Andersen, 1995, Adolescent growth changes in soft tissue profile, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 107, 476, 10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70114-1 · DOI
  14. Bishara, 1984, Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25 years, Am J Orthod, 85, 238, 10.1016/0002-9416(84)90063-0 · DOI
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  17. Bondevik, 1995, Growth changes in the cranial base and the face: a longitudinal cephalometric study of linear and angular changes in adult Norwegians, Eur J Orthod, 17, 525, 10.1093/ejo/17.6.525 · DOI
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  21. Alavi, 1988, Facial and dental arch asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusion, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 93, 38, 10.1016/0889-5406(88)90191-6 · DOI
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  28. Ferrario, 1994, A three-dimensional study of sexual dimorphism in the human face, Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg, 9, 303
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Metadata

Authors
Ferrario, V. F., Sforza, C., Serrao, G., Colombo, A., & Ciusa, V.
Venue
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999-08
Volume
116
Issue
2
Pages
215-226
ISSN
0889-5406
DOI
10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70220-9
Cited by
25
References
0
Language
en
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