The emergence of human–wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities

“LUCIS is ideal for studies of this kind, as HWC at its core is a land use conflict, where both human populations and wildlife compete for resources and space to meet their needs [16,29,30].”

“Wildlife species are increasingly found in urban environments [1–5].”

“…are desired by charter fishers, but to protect the wider ecosystem, we hypothesize that charter fishers may be willing to adopt voluntary behavior changes to protect wildlife, such as stopping illegal feeding or adopting gear modifications that are less likely to harm wildlife (Messmer, 2000).”

“Pendekatan manajemen konflik harus diterapkan untuk menyelesaikan konflik antar pemangku kepentingan dan mencegah berkembangnya konflik di masa depan (Chase et al., 2000; Messmer, 2000; Sirivongs dan Tsuchiya, 2012).”

“agriculturalists hold more negative perceptions (Kellert 1997; Messmer 2000; Lindsey et al. 2005).”

“This, in term, affects legislature and decisionmaking processes concerning the environment (Messmer 2000).”

“Human–wildlife conflicts occur worldwide and are driven by multiple factors (Messmer 2000; Thirgood et al. 2005; Madden 2008; Lamarque et al. 2009).”

“Mitigation of these disservices could include targeted crop protection strategies combined with community-based awareness and education programmes, which can help reduce conflicts while maintaining local tolerance for spe - cies (Messmer 2000; Dickman 2010).”

“…that uniform strategies to reduce human – wildlife conflict are ineffective (Eklund et al., 2017), as social, political, and economic forces shaping human – wildlife conflict are inherently context-specific and require attention to local realities (Fletcher & Toncheva, 2021; Messmer, 2000).”

“There are significant differences in the relative effects of wildlife damage on household income and farm productivity depending on the amount of land owned and the degree of economic reliance on rural activities (Messmer, 2000).”

“All are intended to raise people's pain thresholds so they don't take drastic measures on their own, like hunting down and murdering elephants, lions, or whatever else is at fault (Messer, 2002).”

“Messmer (2000) (25), Tomlinson (2002) (38) & Deery (2008) (10) soulignent l’importance en matière de rétention des employés de la formation en cours d’emploi.”

“Human-wildlife conflicts are increasing [1] resulting damages to both the animals as well as human activities.”

“The phrase ‘human–wildlife conflict management’ is being applied to situations that involve any negative interactions between humans and wildlife (Messmer 2000).”

“The consequence of this development and access is exacerbated fragmentation of habitats and loss of connectivity between habitat patches (Messmer 2000, Davenport and Davenport 2006, Coffin 2007).”

“The spatial distribution of damaged crops in a landscape is likely influenced by the spatial configuration of the landscape, as well as the foraging strategy of the damaging animals (Messmer 2000, Conover 2002).”