Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India
Open accessAbstract
This paper attempts to understand the experience of menstruation in the socio-cultural context of an urban Indian slum. Observations were gathered as part of a larger study of reproductive tract infections in women in Delhi, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative phase consisted of 52 in-depth interviews, three focus groups discussions and five key informant interviews. In the quantitative phase inferences were drawn from 380 respondents. Mean age at menarche was 13.5. Onset of menarche is associated with physical maturity and the ability to marry and reproduce. However, a culture of silence surrounds menarche, an event which took the women interviewed almost by surprise. Most were previously unaware that it would happen and the information they were given was sparse. Menstruation is associated with taboos and restrictions on work, sex, food and bathing, but the taboos observed by most of the women were avoidance of sex and not participating in religious practices, the taboo on not going into the kitchen, which had been observed in rural joint households, was not being observed after migration from rural areas due to lack of social support mechanisms. There is a clear need to provide information to young women on these subjects in ways that are acceptable to their parents, schools and the larger community, and that allow them to raise their own concerns. Education on these subjects should be envisaged as a long-term, continuous process, beginning well before menarche and continuing long after it.RésuméCet article tente de comprendre l'expérience de la menstruation dans le contexte socio-culturel d'un bidonville indien, dans le cadre d'une étude plus large des infections gynécologiques à Delhi. L'étude a utilisé des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. La phase qualitative consistait en 52 entretiens approfondis, trois discussions de groupe et cinq entretiens avec des informateurs clés. Dans la phase quantitative, des observations ont été recueillies auprès de 380 personnes. L'âge moyen de la ménarche était de 13,5 ans. Le début de la menstruation est associé a la maturité physique et à la capacité de se marier et de se reproduire. Néanmoins, une culture du silence entoure la ménarche, événement qui a surpris presque toutes les femmes interrogées. La plupart ignoraient qu'elle se produirait et avaient reçu peu d'information. La menstruation est associée à des tabous et des restrictions sur le travail, les relations sexuelles, la nourriture et l'hygiène, mais les tabous observés par la plupart des femmes étaient l'abstinence sexuelle et la non-participation aux pratiques religieuses; l'interdiction d'entrer dans la cuisine, constatée dans les ménages ruraux conjoints, ne se retrouve pas après la migration en ville, faute de mécanismes de soutien social. Il est nécessaire d'informer les jeunes femmes sous une forme acceptable pour les parents, les écoles et l'ensemble de la communauté, et de manière à leur permettre d'exprimer leurs propres préoccupations. L'éducation sur ces questions doit être conçue comme un processus permanent et à long terme, commençant bien avant la ménarche et se poursuivant longtemps après.ResumenEste trabajo busca comprender la experiencia de la menstruación en el contexto sociocultural de una barriada urbana en la India. Las observaciones se recogieron como parte de un estudio más amplio sobre infecciones del aparato reproductivo en las mujeres en Delhi, utilizando métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. La fase cualitativa consistió de 52 entrevistas a profundidad, 3 charlas con grupos focales y 5 entrevistas a informantes claves. En la fase cuantitativa, se hicieron inferencias a partir de 380 encuestadas. La edad media de la menarquia era 13,5 años. El comienzo de la menarquia está asociado con la madurez fisica y la capacidad de casarse y reproducir. Sin embargo, la menarquía está rodeada por una cultura de silencio. A casi todas las mujeres entrevistadas les tomó por sorpresa; no sabían que les iba a pasar y recibieron escasa información al respecto. Se asocia la menstruación con tabúes y restricciones para trabajar, tener relaciones sexuales, alimentarse y bañarse, pero los tabúes respetados por la mayoría de las mujeres eran evitar el sexo y no participar en prácticas religiosas. El tabú de no entrar en la cocina, el cual era respetado en los hogares comunes rurales, no se respetaba después de emigrar de áreas rurales, debido a la falta de mecanismos de apoyo social. Es preciso proveer información a las mujeres jóvenes acerca de estos temas en formas que sean aceptables para sus padres, las escuelas y la comunidad, y que les permita expresar sus propias inquietudes. Se debe visualizar la educación sobre estos temas como un proceso continuo de largo plazo, comenzando mucho antes de la menarquia y continuando mucho despues.
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In some studies, girls' post menarche and older women had lingering questions whether menstruation was needed to rid the body of 'dirty blood'.
“or whether it was needed to rid the body of ‘dirty blood’”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
In many settings, menstrual blood-and by extension, menstruating women-were considered ritually impure or polluting.
“In many settings, menstrual blood—and by extension, menstruating women—were considered ritually impure or polluting”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Women and girls reported altering movement and participation outside the household during menses, as well as restricting activities such as running or playing sports.
“Women and girls reported altering movement and participation outside the household during menses, as well as restricting activities such as running or playing sports [9, 14, 15, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 47, 51, 59, 62–64, 70, 74, 77, 85, 97, 98, 100, 103–105, 107, 109].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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References 16 · Cited by 183
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Dharmalingam A, 1994. The implications of menarche and wedding ceremonies for the status of women in a South Indian village. Indian Anthropologist. 24(1):3 l-43.
- E-mail:gargs@ndb.vsnl.net.in socio-economic status on menarche: a comparative study. Eastern Anthropologist. 28(2): 99-131.
- Talwar I, Singh AB, 1994. Age at menarche in relation to body size in Meitei girls of Manipur. Indian Anthropologist. 24(1):25- 29.
- Jejeebhoy SJ, 1996. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. A Review of the $videncefiotn India Working Paper No. 3. International Center for Research on Women, Washington DC.
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- Authors
- Garg, S., Sharma, N., & Sahay, R.
- Affiliations
- Maulana Azad Medical College (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Garg, Suneela
- Venue
- Reproductive Health Matters
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 16-25
- ISSN
- 0968-8080 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9576
- OpenAlex
- W2069891888
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reproductive Health Matters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- menstruation, menarche, urban slums, menstrual taboos, reproductive tract infections, age at menarche, reproductive health education, women's health, Delhi, social stigma, religious taboos, menstrual hygiene practices, women's empowerment, gender disparities in health care
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anecdotes as Topic, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Humans, Hygiene, India, Interpersonal Relations, Menarche, Menstruation, Poverty Areas, Social Class, Taboo, Urban Population, Reproductive Medicine
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