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Geometrical factors in surface EMG of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles
Abstract
Surface EMG signals detected in dynamic conditions are affected by a number of artefacts. Among them geometrical factors play an important role. During movement the muscle slides with respect to the skin because of the variation of its length. Such a shift can considerably modify sEMG amplitude. The purpose of this work is to assess geometrical artefacts on sEMG during isometric contractions at different muscle lengths. The average rectified value (ARV) of 15 single differential signals was obtained by means of a linear array of 16 bar electrodes from the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles. The knee angle was changed from 75 degrees to 165 degrees in steps of 30 degrees and voluntary isometric contractions at a low, medium and high force level were performed for each angle. The ARV pattern was normalized with respect to the mean activity to compare signals from different joint angles. From the data collected it was possible to separate the geometrical changes from the changes due to different intensities of activation. In three out of five subjects, we found (within the resolution of our measures) a 1 cm shift for the vastus medialis muscle while no shift was observed for the other two subjects. For the vastus lateralis muscle a 1 cm shift was found in two out of four subjects. Such a shift produces the main contribution to geometrical artefacts. To avoid such artefacts the innervation zones should be located and the EMG electrodes should not be placed near them.
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“the use of EMG for this purpose under dynamic conditions (as in the case of exoskeleton control) presents several problems because of muscle dynamics and possible prostheses (Rainoldi et al., 2000)”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Rainoldi et al., 2000
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Between-day repeatability of lower limb EMG measurement during running and walking.
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Klaver-Król, E. G., Rasker, J. J., Henriquez, N. R., Verheijen, W. G., & Zwarts, M. J. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23382 · Cited by 15
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MethodCamic, C., Housh, T., Hendrix, C., Zuniga, J., Bergstrom, H., Schmidt, R., & Johnson, G. O. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.09.010 · Cited by 16
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BackgroundResultInfluentialZoppirolli, C., Pellegrini, B., Bortolan, L., & Schena, F. (2016) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.02.003 · Cited by 15
Smith, C. M., Housh, T., Herda, T., Zuniga, J., Ryan, E., Camic, C., Bergstrom, H., Smith, D., Weir, J., Cramer, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.014 · Cited by 15
The vastus lateralis neuromuscular activity during all-out cycling exercise.
Bercier, S., Halin, R., Ravier, P., Kahn, J., Jouanin, J., Lecoq, A., & Buttelli, O. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.03.012 · Cited by 15
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BackgroundZoppirolli, C., Pellegrini, B., Modena, R., Savoldelli, A., Bortolan, L., & Schena, F. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12783 · Cited by 14
“…Surface EMG Sensor; dimensions 41 9 20 9 5 mm, with two 10 9 1-mm Ag contacts 10 mm apart) were positioned on the belly of each muscle longitudinally to the underlying muscle fibers (Hermens et al., 2000; Konrad, 2005) to minimize cross-talk and geometrical artifacts (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
MethodCohen, J. W., Vieira, T., Ivanova, T. D., Cerone, G. L., & Garland, S. J. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06154-0 · Cited by 22
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Self-citationIslam, A., Sundaraj, K., Ahmad, R., Sundaraj, S., Ahamed, N., & Ali, M. A. (2015) · Muscle and Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24454 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, during wrist movements, there is possibility of pick-up zones deviating from the target muscles as a result of muscles shifting with respect to the skin surface and the sensors, which may further introduce crosstalk.(18,30) In addition, muscle movement with respect to skin surface and sensors also decreases…”
BackgroundSakamoto, A., Naıto, H., & Chow, C. M. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3134-8 · Cited by 14
“This exercise condition avoids confounding EMG amplitude effects due to change in skin-electrode geometry (Rainoldi et al. 2000) and contraction speed (Sakamoto and Sinclair 2012).”
Surface electromyography reveals males have a slower patellar reflex than females
Vickery, H. S. F., & Smith, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.06.001 · Cited by 13
Hussain, J., Sundaraj, K., Subramaniam, I., & Lam, C.-K. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00112 · Cited by 11
“A previous study (Rainoldi et al., 2000) revealed that the relative position of muscle fibers and the geometrical position of the sEMG electrodes over the muscles might vary during dynamic contractions.”
BackgroundRegional Surface Electromyography of the Vastus Lateralis During Strength and Power Exercises
Earp, J. E., Stucchi, D. T., Demartini, J., & Roti, M. (2016) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001405 · Cited by 11
“However, it should be noted that T2-MRI, unlike sEMG, is not biased by tissue depth because sEMG overly represents superficial fibers that are closer to the surface electrodes (12,17,22).”
BackgroundMethodGuzmán‐Venegas, R., Echeverria, M. P. B., Cordero, J. J., Cavada, G., & Araneda, O. F. (2016) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.01.002 · Cited by 13
“It has been shown that the joint position and muscle contraction level influence the position of the IZ (Rainoldi et al., 2000; Martin and MacIsaac, 2006; Defreitas et al., 2008; Piitulainen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPredicting the time to localized muscle fatigue using ANN and evolved sEMG feature
Al-Mulla, M., & Sepulveda, F. (2010) · 2010 International Conference on Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, AIS 2010 · doi:10.1109/ais.2010.5547025 · Cited by 11
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“The effects of the IZ on surface EMGRMS has been well documented in regards to the placement of bipolar electrode arrangements (Zuniga et al 1970, Rainoldi et al 2000).”
MethodTamaki, H., Kirimoto, H., Yotani, K., & Takekura, H. (2011) · Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12576-011-0157-8 · Cited by 10
“Electrodes were placed between innervation zones and tendons to avoid contributing to geometric artefacts [14].”
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“The signals must then remain similar in form and amplitude (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe effect of prolonged walking on leg muscle activity patterns and vulnerability to perturbations
Kwon, Y., Chilton, L. K., Kim, H., & Franz, J. (2023) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102836 · Cited by 9
Gabriel, D. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22176555 · Cited by 9
“Since MUAPs propagate bidirectionally away from the IZ, G1 and G2 record mirror images of the same MUAP, which results in cancellation effects [60,67,78,79].”
BackgroundBeck, T., Ye, X., & Wages, N. P. (2015) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.02.006 · Cited by 9
Influence of electrode type on neuromuscular activation patterns during walking in healthy subjects.
Chimera, N. J., Benoit, D., & Manal, K. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.01.005 · Cited by 9
“Increased joint excursion angle (Rainoldi et al., 2000) and muscle force (Cechetto et al.”
BackgroundSuper Wavelet for sEMG Signal Extraction During Dynamic Fatiguing Contractions
Almulla, M., & Sepulveda, F. (2014) · Journal of medical systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-014-0167-1 · Cited by 9
“During nonisometric contractions (muscle length and tension change) the characteristic of the signal amplitude and the frequency content of the signal are affected by several factors [5], such as the position of active detectable motor units with respect to the electrodes, different limb states (e.”
BackgroundMethodWang, B., Li, J., Hargrove, L., & Kamavuako, E. (2024) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24154840 · Cited by 8
“While the above studies [5,14–29] have described performance degradation or proposed mitigating solutions, our study focuses on understanding the causes of classifier failure to inform future adaptive approaches.”
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Influences of Interelectrode Distance and Innervation Zone on Electromyographic Signals
Smith, C. M., Housh, T., Zuniga, J., Camic, C., Bergstrom, H., Smith, D., Herda, T., Weir, J., Hill, E., Jenkins, N. D. M., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0042-119398 · Cited by 8
“These findings expanded on previous studies [5, 21, 22, 27, 32] and provided a unique aspect regarding the effects of IED and electrode placement relative to the IZ and the typical electrode placement recommendation at different time-points during a fatiguing workout.”
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“If electrodes are placed over a muscle’s innervation zone, then minor movements of the electrode detection area during experimental tasks can generate significant changes in signal amplitude (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundWang, W., He, L., Wang, J., Pan, M., Yi, J., Cheng, N., & Liu, T. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3480235 · Cited by 6
“The location of the innervation zone can be estimated from the differential signals because of the minimum value of ARVs along the array and the detectable phase reversal [27], [39].”
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Boccia, G., Pizzigalli, L., Formicola, D., Ivaldi, M., & Rainoldi, A. (2015) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0059 · Cited by 6
“To avoid the innervation zone or tendon moving under the electrodes during the movement, the optimal position of the arrays was checked for both the maximum extension and flexion angles (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
MethodSelf-citationSmit, I., Parmentier, J. I. M., Rovel, T., van Dieen, J. V., & Braganca, F. S. S. (2024) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102884 · Cited by 5
“It is commonly indicated that surface EMGs should be detected over the muscle belly, midway between the tendinous areas and the inner-vation zone (Beretta Piccoli et al., 2014; Hermens et al., 2000; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
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Smith, C. M., Housh, T., Herda, T., Zuniga, J., Camic, C., Bergstrom, H., Smith, D., Weir, J., Cramer, J., Hill, E., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1564174 · Cited by 4
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Distribution of innervation zone and muscle fiber conduction velocity in the biceps brachii muscle
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Martins-Costa, H., Lanza, M., Diniz, R., Lacerda, L., Gomes, M. C., Lima, F. V., & Chagas, M. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1910346 · Cited by 3
“ing different joint positions there is a difference in the EMG recording conditions (Lanza et al., 2017; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHirose, N., Kagaya, Y., & Tsuruike, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245838 · Cited by 3
Prolonged passive static stretching-induced innervation zone shift in biceps brachii.
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“For example, previous studies have usedmulti-channel EMG to examine the potential movements of IZ at different joint angles (Martin and MacIsaac 2006; Rainoldi et al. 2000).”
EMG-based estimation of muscular efforts exerted during human movements
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“The location of the electrodes over the muscle: The location of the electrode with regard to the tendon junction and innervation zones affects the amplitude and frequency of the detected signal (Rainoldi et al., 2000; Roy et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMicroelectronics for Muscle Fatigue Monitoring Through Surface EMG
Georgiou, P., & Koutsos, E. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67723-1_6 · Cited by 3
UNISEP: A Unified Sensor Placement Framework for Human Motion Capture and Wearables
Welzel, J., Jeung, S., Godbersen, L., & Shirazi, S. Y. (2024) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.21159 · Cited by 2
“In electromyography (EMG), electrode placement variations relative to the target muscle can lead to signal amplitude changes of up to 50% and altered muscle activation patterns [7, 8].”
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“Studies on EMG potentials have shown that the position of the electrodes (Roy et al. 1986; Rainoldi et al. 2000, 2004; Merletti & Muceli 2019), their alignment with respect to the muscle’s orientation (Weir et al. 1999; Merletti et al. 2001; Zuniga et al. 2009; Merletti & Muceli 2019), and the…”
Muscle force estimation during gait using Angle–EMG–Force relationship
Mitani, T., Inoue, K., & Takahashi, S. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340039 · Cited by 2
“The location of the surface EMG electrode to the motor unit was found to shift owing to the difference in the joint angle [12].”
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Classification Of Muscular Strength During Palmar Grasp Exercises Using Surface EMG Signals
Yepes, J., Saldarriaga, A. J., Montoya-Leal, V., Orozco-Duque, A., Pérez, V. Z., & Betancur, M. J. (2018) · 2018 IX International Seminar of Biomedical Engineering (SIB) · doi:10.1109/sib.2018.8467748 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, the electrodes were not placed near the innervation zone of the muscle [22], [23], however, the sEMG sensors were placed in the center of the muscle belly, away from the innervation zones and the origins of the tendon ensuring good contact between the electrodes and the skin [24].”
BackgroundSurface Electromyogram Detection
Botter, A., Gazzoni, M., & Merletti, R. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118628522.ch6 · Cited by 2
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Merletti, R., & Bonalo, P. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780471740360.ebs1156 · Cited by 2
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Reducing Motor Variability Enhances Myoelectric Control Robustness Across Limb PositionsPreprint
Stuttaford, S. A., Dyson, M., Nazarpour, K., & Dupan, S. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539580 · Cited by 1
“Bio-mechanical changes can cause subcutaneous muscle displacements relative to the surface electrode [16].”
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da Fonseca, P. F. P., Borgonovo-Santos, M., Catarino, A. P., Correia, M. V., & Vilas‐Boas, J. P. (2021) · Corpoconsciência · doi:10.51283/rc.v25i2.12697 · Cited by 1
Applications of sEMG in Dynamic Conditions, Ergonomics, Sports, and Obstetrics
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Nerve entry points in the mimic musculature of the horse head
Wolschrijn, C., Smit, I., Schouten, J., & Te, N. C. R. M. (2024) · Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C · doi:10.1111/ahe.13099
“…with electrophysiological measurements, though a rough estimation of the location can be given by the nerve entry point (NEP) (where the nerve enters the muscle) and the direction of its branches entering the muscle (Beretta Piccoli et al., 2014; Hermens et al., 2000; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
Tindell, G., & Smith, P. A. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/202713 · Cited by 1
“However the MNCV of peroneal (52 vs 49 m s−1 Gregersen, 1967; 50 vs 48 m s−1 Pickett, 1982) and ulnar (57 vs 55 m s−1 Pickett, 1982; 60 vs 56 m s−1 Robinson et al., 1993) are all also reported to be faster in females than males.”
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“62 avancée par Perry en 1992, puis a de nouveau été évoquée en 1999 par Burden and Bartlett, et récemment mise en avant par Hug (2011). Ainsi, de nouvelles recherches pour identifier la méthode de normalisation la plus adaptée semblent utiles, notamment au niveau les muscles des membres supérieurs pour lesquels les tr…”
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“Conflicting opinions exist however, with Rainoldi and co-authors claiming that EMG is a “very promising” clinical technique for detecting information about the global activity of the muscle, [3].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rainoldi, A., Nazzaro, M., Merletti, R., Farina, D., Caruso, I., & Gaudenti, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- École Centrale de Nantes (FR)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Merletti, R
- Venue
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 327-336
- ISSN
- 1050-6411 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018312124
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Regione Piemonte
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, muscle length, knee joint angle, isometric contraction, innervation zone, electrode placement
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electromyography, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Leg, Male, Mathematics, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Artifacts, Muscle, Skeletal
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