Cited by 331Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationOsteoarthritis Treatment and MechanismsTotal Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes

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Reliability and validity of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index in Italian patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

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Salaffi, F, Leardini, G, Canesi, B, Mannoni, A, Fioravanti, A, Caporali, R, Lapadula, G, Punzi, L·2003·Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

DOI 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00089-x

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Abstract

Objective The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis (OA) Index is a tested questionnaire to assess symptoms and physical functional disability in patients with OA of the knee and the hip. We adapted the WOMAC for the Italian language and tested its metric properties in 304 patients with symptomatic OA of the knee.Methods Three hundred and four consecutive patients, attending 29 rheumatologic outpatient clinic in northern, central, and southern Italy, were asked to answer two disease-specific questionnaires (WOMAC and Lequesne algofunctional index) and one generic instrument (Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey-MOS SF-36). A sample of 258 patients was readministered the WOMAC 7-10 days after the first visit and the structured interview, which also assessed demographic and other characteristics. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and construct and discriminant validity using Spearman's correlations, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.Results All WOMAC subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) were internally consistent with Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.91, 0.81, and 0.84, respectively. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory with ICCs of 0.86, 0.68, and 0.89, respectively. In comparison with the SF-36, the expected correlations were found when comparing items measuring similar constructs, supporting the concepts of convergent construct validity. Very high correlations were also obtained between WOMAC scores and Lequesne OA algofunctional index. WOMAC physical function, but not WOMAC stiffness and pain subscales, was weakly associated with radiological OA severity (P=0.03). Also, WOMAC pain score was inversely correlated (P=0.01) with years of formal education. Examination of discriminant validity showed that the scores on the WOMAC and SF-36 followed hypothesized patterns: the WOMAC discriminated better among subjects with varying severity of knee problems, whereas the SF-36 discriminated better among subjects with varying levels of self-reported health status and comorbidity.Conclusion The Italian version of WOMAC is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating the severity of OA of the knee, with metric properties in agreement with the original, widely used version.

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“The following Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) were used: Western Ontario & McMaster Uni-versities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) [29], Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, visual analogue scale (VAS), TEGNER…”
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“Knee pain was categorized into four groups based on the WOMAC pain score: no pain (score = 0), mild pain (0 score 4), moderate pain (score ≥ 4), and severe pain (score ≥ 8) 13,35,36 .”
Method
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“The patients were assessed according to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score (11) at baseline (T0) and after 2 months (T2).”
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Papathanasiou, G., Stasi, S., Oikonomou, L., Ρούσσου, Ι., Papageorgiou, E. G., Chronopoulos, E., Korres, N., & Bellamy, N. (2014) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-014-3043-x · Cited by 23
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“Secondary outcomes were: appendicular muscle strength assessed by hand grip strength test (HGS) [37] using the Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer (Sammons Preston, Rolyon, Bolingbrook, IL, USA); the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) to assess pain, joint stiffness and function [38];…”
Method
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Method
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“25,26 The SF-36 is a widely used health-related quality of life questionnaire that measures various aspects of physical and mental health.”
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“or may not be symptomatic, and the associated radiographs are either normal or abnormal.(3) To date, the management strategies for OA have been directed at symptoms, primarily pain.”
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Background
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“All WOMAC subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) have satisfactory test-retest reliability with ICCs of 0.86, 0.68, and 0.89 ( Nakarmi, Haq & Vaidya, 2019 ; Salaffi et al., 2003 ).”
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“The WOMAC test–retest reliability was satisfactory with ICCs of 0.86, 0.68 and 0.89, respectively (Salaffi et al. 2003).”
MethodInfluential
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“All WOMAC subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) were internally consistent with Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of 0.91, 0.81, and 0.84, respectively (Salaffi et al., 2003).”
MethodInfluential
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“A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted on 111 participants (aged between 40-75 years) diagnosed with KOA.”
MethodInfluential
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“Data considered for quantitative analysis consisted of the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) questionnaire [12, 13] to assess pain, physical function disability and stiffness, and the Knee Society Score (KSS) [14, 15] to rate patient’s knee and functional abilities.”
Method
The influence of different sports on cartilage adaptations: A systematic review
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The Challenge of Pain for Patients with OA
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“function scores are highly correlated [41].”
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“The WOMAC consists of 24 items, rated on a five point Likert scale, and divided into 3 sub-scales [23,24]:”
BackgroundMethod
Efficacy of rectus femoris stretching on pain, range of motion and spatiotemporal gait parameters in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial
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“In this study, the WOMAC scale was used to evaluate the functional status of lower extremities suffering from KOA by assessing 17 functional ADLs, five pain-related activities, and two stiffness categories [30].”
Method
Functional Outcome of Subvastus versus Medial Parapatellar Approaches for Total Knee Replacement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Cohort Study
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“[9,10] The current study found better functional outcome in the medial parapatellar compared with the subvastus approach at 3 and 6 months, which is in contrast with the findings of previous studies that have reported that the subvastus approach has a significantly better functional outcome in the…”
Result
Comparison of dry needling and self-stretching in muscle extensibility, pain, stiffness, and physical function in hip osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial
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Rasch Analysis of the 22 Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Physical Function Items in Italian Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
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Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain Measure for the knee
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Rondanelli, M., Miraglia, N., Putignano, P., Peroni, G., Faliva, M. A., Naso, M., Gasparri, C., Infantino, V., Nichetti, M., Volpi, N., et al. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9121241 · Cited by 24
“a sitting or lying position, standing, bending, walking, getting in and out of a car, shopping, putting on or taking off socks, lying in bed, getting in or out of a bath, sitting and heavy and light household duties [20,21].”
Background
Efficacy of Specified Manual Therapies in Combination with a Supervised Exercise Protocol for Managing Pain Intensity and Functional Disability in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Reza, M. K., Shaphe, M. A., Qasheesh, M., Shah, M. N., Alghadir, A. H., & Iqbal, A. (2021) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s285297 · Cited by 11
Evaluating the Minimum Clinically Important Difference and Patient Acceptable Symptom State for the Womac Osteoarthritis Index after Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Longo, U. G., Papalia, R., Campi, S., Salvatore, S. D., Piergentili, I., Bandini, B., Lalli, A., & Denaro, V. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12247618 · Cited by 11
“The WOMAC is a measure of symptoms and physical impairment originally designed for patients presenting with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip or knee [11] by evaluating ﬁve pain-related activities, two stiffness categories, and 17 functional activities [11,12].”
Background
Short-Term Effect of Topical Cetylated Fatty Acid on Early and Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis: A Multi-Center Study
Ariani, A., Parisi, S., Guidelli, G. M., BARDELLI, M., BERTINI, A., & Fusaro, E. (2018) · Archives of Rheumatology · doi:10.5606/archrheumatol.2018.6711 · Cited by 11
Assessment Tools of Biopsychosocial Frailty Dimensions in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Narrative Review
Luca, V. D., Femminella, G. D., Patalano, R., Formosa, V., Lorusso, G., Rivetta, C., Lullo, F. D., Mercurio, L., Rea, T., Salvatore, E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316050 · Cited by 13
Efficacy and Safety of Two Chondroprotective Supplements in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Pilot Study
Minoretti, P., Sáez, A. S., Riera, M. L., Serrano, M. G., & Martín, Á. G. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.57579 · Cited by 10
“…changes from baseline to the study conclusion in patient-reported pain at rest and during movement, clinically measured range of motion, and overall patient-reported WOMAC scores [20]-including its three subscales assessing pain, stiffness, and physical function [20]-in the HA and Glc + CS groups.”
BackgroundInfluential
Burosumab Efficacy and Safety in Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Data
Kiafzezi, D., Stamati, A., Karagiannis, T., Goulis, D. G., & Christoforidis, A. (2024) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-024-01250-z · Cited by 10
“It includes three subscales: pain, stiffness, and physical function, and the scores from each subscale are then combined to provide an overall assessment of the individual's condition [54].”
A Mediation Appraisal of Neuropathic-like Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, and Central Sensitization-Related Signs in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis—A Cross-Sectional Study
Salaffi, F., Carotti, M., Farah, S., Ciccullo, C., Gigante, A. P., Bandinelli, F., & Carlo, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15010022 · Cited by 10
Efficacy of mud plus bath therapy as compared to bath therapy in osteoarthritis of hands and knees: a pilot single-blinded randomized controlled trial
Benini, C., Rubino, G., Paolazzi, G., Adami, G., Caimmi, C., Viapiana, O., Gatti, D., & Rossini, M. (2021) · Reumatismo · doi:10.4081/reumatismo.2021.1394 · Cited by 10
“WOMAC is a widely used, reliable, valid, and responsive measure of treatment outcomes in patients with OA of the knee (16, 17).”
Method
Ultrasound guided injection of a painful knee osteoarthritis with medial meniscus extrusion: a case series study
Venditto, T. (2017) · Muscles Ligaments and Tendons Journal · doi:10.11138/mltj/2017.7.2.331 · Cited by 10
Knee Scoring Systems
Kon, E., Altadonna, G., Filardo, G., Matteo, B. D., & Marcacci, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34746-7_120 · Cited by 10
“telephone, computer based, and touchscreen administration are all suitable ways of completing the test [25–28], which has also been adapted in more than 60 languages [29–36].”
Method
Measurement Properties of Performance-Specific Pain Ratings of Patients Awaiting Total Joint Arthroplasty as a Consequence of Osteoarthritis
Halket, A., Stratford, P. W., Kennedy, D. M., Woodhouse, L. J., & Spadoni, G. F. (2008) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/physio.60.3.255 · Cited by 10
Efficacy of Subchondroplasty in the Treatment of Pain Associated With Bone Marrow Lesions in the Osteoarthritic Knee
Randelli, P. S., Compagnoni, R., Ferrua, P., Ricci, M., Verde, L. L., Mekky, A. F., Silvestri, A. D., & Menon, A. (2023) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671231163528 · Cited by 9
Effects of Injections of Monocytes, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Hyaluronic Acid in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: An Observational Study
Chiaramonte, R., Caramma, S., Buccheri, E., Finocchiaro, P., Longo, U. G., Ammendolia, A., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., & Vecchio, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10020104 · Cited by 9
Telerehabilitation in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review of Clinical Outcomes, Patient-Reported Measures, and Implementation Challenges
Comodo, R. M., Grassa, D., Motassime, A. E., Bocchino, G., Totti, R., Fazio, A. D., Meschini, C., Capece, G., Maccauro, G., & Vitiello, R. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10040370 · Cited by 9
Effect of an Innovative Biofeedback Insole on Patient Rehabilitation after Total Knee Arthroplasty
Castellarin, G., Merlini, M., Bettinelli, G., Riso, R., Bori, E., & Innocenti, B. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12052456 · Cited by 9
Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Forgotten Joint Score in patients with total hip arthroplasty
Angilecchia, D., Stano, F., Signorelli, M., Giovannico, G., Pournajaf, S., & Pellicciari, L. (2022) · International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000549 · Cited by 8
Cross-Culturally Adapted Versions of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for the Lower Extremity
Zhang, Y., Ren, J., Zang, Y., Guo, W., Disantis, A. E., & Martin, R. L. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.74528 · Cited by 9
Exploring the impact of integrated polyvagal exercises and knee reinforcement in females with grade II knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Rizvi, M. R., Sharma, A., Hasan, S., Ahmad, F., Asad, M. R., Iqbal, A., & Alghadir, A. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45908-4 · Cited by 9
“The WOMAC is a self-administered validated questionnaire used for the assessment of hip and knee OA 15 .”
Method
The short-to-midterm outcomes of geniculate artery embolization for mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review
Bhatia, A. M., & Bhatia, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2023.03.009 · Cited by 9
Importance of self-reported health-related quality of life in identifying the needs of elderly people with osteoarthritis
Punzi, L., & Ramonda, R. (2005) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324606 · Cited by 9
Autologous conditioned serum for chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis: A feasibility observational study
Ippolito, M., Spurio, G., Compagno, V., Rizzo, A., Simone, M. D., Corsale, A. M., Mazzola, G., Giarratano, A., Meraviglia, S., Cortegiani, A., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637221134169 · Cited by 8
Comparative Efficacy of Transfemoral Prosthetic Interfaces: Analysis of Gait and Perceived Disability
Klenow, T. D., Kahle, J. T., Fedel, F. J., Ropp, J., & Highsmith, M. J. (2017) · JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics · doi:10.1097/jpo.0000000000000135 · Cited by 8
Role of geniculate artery embolization in the treatment of knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis
Shaker, M., Mahmoud, M. S. S., Nassar, W. A. M., ElShimy, A. M. S., & Nasser, H. M. (2023) · The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1186/s43055-023-00984-4 · Cited by 8
Postoperative scores for robot-assisted and conventional total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis
Ward, G. H., & Montalbano, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2023.102189 · Cited by 8
Prevalence and Characteristics of Knee Osteoarthritis Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia
Bashekah, K. A., Zagzoug, M. E., Banaja, A. W., Alghamdi, A. A., Mishiming, O. S., Jan, M. A., Kemawi, O. A., Alharbi, B. A., Althagafi, A. A., & Aljifri, S. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.47666 · Cited by 8
“Other studies in Italy [39], Germany [40], and Turkey [41] showed similar results to the Moroccan study.”
Result
Reliability and validity of modified western ontario and mcmaster universities osteoarthritis index gujarati version in participants with knee osteoarthritis
Khuman, P. R., Chavda, D., Surbala, L., & Bhatt, U. (2018) · Physiotherapy - The Journal of Indian Association of Physiotherapists · doi:10.4103/pjiap.pjiap_21_17 · Cited by 8
Translation, validation and cross‐cultural adaptation of the Nepali version of WOMAC® LK 3.1
Nakarmi, S., Haq, S. A., & Vaidya, B. (2019) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13690 · Cited by 8
Comparative efficacy and safety of Verbascox® − a proprietary herbal extract capable of inhibiting human cyclooxygenase-2 − and celecoxib for knee osteoarthritis
Nannoni, G., Volterrani, G., Mattarocci, A., Minoretti, P., & Emanuele, E. (2020) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03034 · Cited by 8
The effect of combined hydrolyzed type 2 collagen, methylsulfonylmethane, glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate supplementation on knee osteoarthritis symptoms
Ayhan, F. F., Çoban, A. D., Karasu, A. U., Karaoğlan, B., Çınar, E., Eyigör, S., Uzun, Ö., Borman, P., Vural, S. P., Yaman, A., et al. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2024.13735 · Cited by 8
Comparison of three treatment protocols with intra-articular low or intermediate molecular weight hyaluronic acid in early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis
Galluccio, F., D’Angela, D., Polistena, B., Porta, F., Barskova, T., Tofani, L., Spandonaro, F., & Matucci‐Cerinic, M. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x21994024 · Cited by 7
Effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for mild knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study
Choi, I. J., Jeon, J. H., Choi, W.-H., & Yang, H.-E. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000036117 · Cited by 7
“[10] This WOMAC index consists of 24 items divided into 3 subscales that evaluate pain, stiffness, and function.”
Cissus QuadrangularisReduces Joint Pain in Exercise-Trained Men: A Pilot Study
Bloomer, R. J., Farney, T. M., McCarthy, C. G., & Lee, S.-R. (2013) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2013.09.2021 · Cited by 7
Longitudinal and cross-sectional validity of the DynaPort® Knee Test in adults with nontraumatic knee complaints in general practice
Belo, J. N., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Terwee, C. B., Heintjes, E. M., & Koes, B. W. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.02.006 · Cited by 7
“An example is the validation of the WOMAC in an Italian population [ 33 ].”
Method
Symptoms-modifying effects of electromotive administration of glucosamine sulphate among patients with knee osteoarthritis
Onigbinde, A. T., Owolabi, R. A., Kamil, L., Isaac, S. O., & Ibikunle, A. F. (2018) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1142/s1013702518500075 · Cited by 7
“Physical function was assessed using the WOMAC OS Questionnaire.(18) The physical function subscale was used to assess functional abilities of patients in this study.”
Method
How to Manage Metallosis: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis after Revision Hip Surgery
Bruschetta, A., Palco, M., Fenga, D., Giuca, G., Holzer, L. A., Alito, A., Cacciola, G., Meo, F. D., & Cavaliere, P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12144809 · Cited by 6
Balance confidence and associated factors among patients with knee osteoarthritis
John, J. N., Ugwu, C. O., John, D. O., Okezue, O. C., Mgbeojedo, U. G., & Onuorah, O. C. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.05.009 · Cited by 6
The association between anxiety and depression symptoms and clinical and pain characteristics in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis
Silveira, J., Oliveira, D. S., Martins, A. C., Costa, L. M. S. F., Neto, F. L. M., Ferreira‐Gomes, J., & Vaz, C. (2024) · ARP Rheumatology · doi:10.63032/sdvb2224 · Cited by 6
Thigh muscle features in female patients with severe knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study
Liu, T., Xie, H., Yan, S., Zeng, J., & Zhang, K. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08361-0 · Cited by 6
“The WOMAC score, widely utilized for assessing the primary symptoms of KOA in daily living, serves as a critical tool for evaluating the severity and progression of the disease [77].”
Effects of a Movement-Based Mind–Body Intervention in Managing Symptoms in Older Adults with Osteoarthritis: Gender, Age, and Living Arrangement Differences
Park, J., & Herron, C. (2021) · Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/act.2021.29326.jpa · Cited by 6
The Reamer-Irrigator-Aspirator (RIA) System for the treatment of aseptic femoral nonunions: Report of two cases and literature review.
Landrino, M., Alberio, R. L., Clemente, A., & Grassi, F. A. (2022) · Orthopedic Reviews · doi:10.52965/001c.37889 · Cited by 6
Early results with a bicruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty: a match-paired study
Biazzo, A., D’Ambrosi, R., Staals, E. L., Masia, F., Izzo, V., & Verde, F. (2020) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02834-9 · Cited by 6
Eletroestimulação neuromuscular, exercícios contrarresistência, força muscular, dor e função motora em pacientes com osteoartrite primária de joelho
Dadalto, T. V., de Souza, C. P., & da Silva, E. B. (2013) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/s0103-51502013000400007 · Cited by 6
Responsiveness and Minimal Important Changes of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index in Subjects Undergoing Rehabilitation Following Hip Fracture
Monticone, M., Ambrosini, E., Secci, C., Rocca, B., Ferrante, S., & Capone, A. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000000609 · Cited by 6
“We used the adapted Italian version.(15) At the end of treatment, we also evaluated the global perceived effect (GPE) using the question: “Overall, how much did the treatment you received help your hip problem?”; the GPE was determined using a 7-level Likert scale with 2 improvement levels (helped a lot = 1, helped =…”
Method
COMPARING QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT PATTERNS AND SEVERITIES OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Tangtrakulwanich, B., Chongsuvivatwong, V., & Geater, A. F. (2006) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Research · doi:10.1142/s0218957706001650 · Cited by 6
Impact of Mobile App-based Non-surgical Nursing Intervention on the Adherence to Exercise and Other Management among Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Adhya, B., Singh, A., Kumari, P., Saini, S. K., & Singh, B. (2021) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Education and Research · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1450 · Cited by 5
Association between radiographic severity with health-related quality of life in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study
Song, J.-L., Ye, Z.-Q., Li, W., Chen, Z., Wang, X.-W., & Chen, W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319482 · Cited by 4
“The reliability of the WOMAC pain and physical function subscales in this study was high (ICC = 0.86 and 0.89, respectively) [26].”
Influential

Authors: Salaffi, F., Leardini, G., Canesi, B., Mannoni, A., Fioravanti, A., Caporali, R., Lapadula, G., & Punzi, L.
Affiliations: Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze (IT)
University of Siena (IT)
University of Pavia (IT)
Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Consorziale - Policlinico Bari (IT)
University of Padua (IT)
Corresponding author: Salaffi, F
ORCID: Salaffi, F
Fioravanti, A
Caporali, R
Lapadula, G
Punzi, L
Venue: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-08
Volume: 11
Issue: 8
Pages: 551-560
ISSN: 1063-4584 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00089-x
OpenAlex: W2087139148
Cited by: 331
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 3.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3853 d)
Locations: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Keywords: knee osteoarthritis, questionnaire reliability, construct validity, test-retest reliability, SF-36, Lequesne algofunctional index, pain, stiffness, physical function, radiographic severity, educational attainment, health status, comorbidities, patient-reported outcomes, cross-cultural adaptation, Italy, North America
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Muscle, Skeletal, Osteoarthritis, Knee

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Reliability and validity of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index in Italian patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

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