The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 167 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Repair of O6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases
Abstract
The predominant pathway for the repair of O(6)-methylguanine in DNA is via the activity of an alkyltransferase protein that transfers the methyl group to a cysteine acceptor site on the protein itself. This review article describes recent studies on this alkyltransferase. The protein repairs not only methyl groups but also 2-chloroethyl-, benzyl- and pyridyloxobutyl-adducts. It acts on double-stranded DNA by flipping the O(6)-guanine adduct out of the DNA helix and into a binding pocket. The free base, O(6)-benzylguanine, is able to bind in this pocket and react with the cysteine, rendering it an effective inactivator of mammalian alkyltransferases. The alkylated form of the protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasomal system. Some tumor cells do not express alkyltransferase despite having an intact gene. Methylation of key sites in CpG-rich islands in the promoter region are involved in this silencing and a change in the nuclear localization of an enhancer binding protein may also contribute. The alkyltransferase promoter contains Sp1, GRE and AP-1 sites and is slightly inducible by glucocorticoids and protein kinase C activators. There is a complex relationship between p53 and alkyltransferase expression with p53 mediating a rise in alkyltransferase in response to ionizing radiation but having no clear effect on basal levels. DNA adducts at the O(6)-position of guanine are a major factor in the carcinogenic, mutagenic, apoptopic and clastogenic actions of methylating agents and chloroethylating agents. Studies with transgenic mice in which alkyltransferase levels are increased or decreased confirm the importance of this repair pathway in protecting against carcinogenesis. Alkyltransferase activity in tumors protects them from therapeutic agents such as temozolomide and BCNU. This resistance is abolished by O(6)-benzylguanine and this drug is currently in clinical trials to enhance cancer chemotherapy by these agents. Studies are in progress to reduce the toxicity of such therapy towards the bone marrow by gene therapy to express alkyltransferases with mutations imparting resistance to O(6)-benzylguanine at high levels in marrow stem cells. Several polymorphisms in the human alkyltransferase gene have been identified but the significance of these in terms of alkyltransferase action is currently unknown.
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“The MGMT, DUSP22, CDCA2, ID2, TNFRSF1B, ZNF681, and IGSF21 may have a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]”
From Altered genome-wide methylation in endometriosis (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationREGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO ALKYLATING AGENTS
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Repair of DNA containing O 6 ‐alkylguanine
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality
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A general method for the covalent labeling of fusion proteins with small molecules in vivo
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Genetic Pathways to Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma
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“Various adducts at this position are substrates for repair by MGMT.(82) Such adducts typically result from exposure to N-nitrosamides and related alkylating agents that cause brain tumors in rats,(83) but there is currently no evidence indicating that alkylating carcinogens are involved in the etiology of human brain…”
BackgroundOhgaki, H., & Kleihues, P. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/64.6.479 · Cited by 1,382
“DNA methylation may be caused by N-nitroso compounds in food or tobacco (21, 64), and through nonenzymatic methylation by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) (65).”
BackgroundInfluentialMGMT: its role in cancer aetiology and cancer therapeutics
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“AGT repairs O 6 -AG in both open chromatin during transcription and replication, and in resting, condensed DN”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pegg, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pegg, Anthony E
- Venue
- Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 462
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 83-100
- ISSN
- 1383-5742 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999549596
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA57725, CA-18137, R01CA071976, CA 71976)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- O6-alkylguanine, alkyltransferase, DNA repair, O6-methylguanine, O6-benzylguanine, alkylating agents, ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, promoter methylation, gene silencing, p53, temozolomide resistance, transgenic mice, myelosuppression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA Repair, Guanine, Humans, DNA Adducts, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases
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