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Navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity inhibitor of BCL-2, in lymphoid malignancies: a phase 1 dose-escalation study of safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumour activity
Open accessAbstract
Background Proteins of the BCL-2 family regulate clonal selection and survival of lymphocytes, and are frequently overexpressed in lymphomas. Navitoclax is a targeted high-affinity small molecule that inhibits the anti-apoptotic activity of BCL-2 and BCL-XL. We aimed to assess the safety and antitumour activity of navitoclax in patients with lymphoid tumours, and establish the drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.Methods In this phase 1 dose-escalation study, patients (aged ≥18 years) with relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies were enrolled and treated at seven sites in the USA between November, 2006, and November, 2009. A modified Fibonacci 3+3 design was used to assign patients to receive oral navitoclax once daily by one of two dosing schedules: intermittently for the first 14 days of a 21-day cycle (14/21) at doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 110, 160, 225, 315, or 440 mg/day; or continuously for 21 days of a 21-day cycle (21/21) at doses of 200, 275, 325, or 425 mg/day. Study endpoints were safety, maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects on platelets and T cells, and antitumour activity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00406809.Findings 55 patients were enrolled (median age 59 years, IQR 51-67), 38 to receive the 14/21 dosing schedule, and 17 to receive the 21/21 dosing schedule. Common toxic effects included grade 1 or 2 anaemia (41 patients), infection (39), diarrhoea (31), nausea (29), and fatigue (21); and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (29), lymphocytopenia (18), and neutropenia (18). On the intermittent 14/21 schedule, dose-limiting toxic effects were hospital admissions for bronchitis (one) and pleural effusion (one), grade 3 increase in aminotransferases (one), grade 4 thrombocytopenia (one), and grade 3 cardiac arrhythmia (one). To reduce platelet nadir associated with intermittent 14/21 dosing, we assessed a 150 mg/day lead-in dose followed by a continuous 21/21 dosing schedule. On the 21/21 dosing schedule, two patients did not complete the first cycle and were excluded from assessment of dose-limiting toxic effects; dose-limiting toxic effects were grade 4 thrombocytopenia (one), grade 3 increase in aminotransferases (one), and grade 3 gastrointestinal bleeding (one). Navitoclax showed a pharmacodynamic effect on circulating platelets and T cells. Clinical responses occurred across the range of doses and in several tumour types. Ten of 46 patients with assessable disease had a partial response, and these responders had median progression-free survival of 455 days (IQR 40-218).Interpretation Navitoclax has a novel mechanism of peripheral thrombocytopenia and T-cell lymphopenia, attributable to high-affinity inhibition of BCL-XL and BCL-2, respectively. On the basis of these findings, a 150 mg 7-day lead-in dose followed by a 325 mg dose administered on a continuous 21/21 dosing schedule was selected for phase 2 study.Funding Abbott Laboratories, Genentech, and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
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“Drugs with single or limited targets, such as Nutlin3a (an MDM2 inhibitor) or navitoclax (a BCL-2 inhibitor), can have off-target apoptotic effects on multiple non-Snc types, such as neutrophils and platelets in the case of navitoclax (75), making them panolytic.”
From Senolytic Drugs: Reducing Senescent Cell Viability to Extend Health Span (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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“N can cause thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, even after brief exposures57,88–91”
From Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic (2022) · cites this paper as [89]
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“these agents exhibited notable drawbacks, such as dose-dependent thrombocytopenia, variable therapeutic efficacy, and the emergence of resistance mechanisms.”
From Emerging strategies in senotherapeutics: from broad-spectrum senolysis to precision reprogramming (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Trials assessing navitoclax as an anticancer agent report neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (Wilson et al. 2010).”
From Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues (2020) · cites this paper as Wilson et al. 2010
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“However, chronic administration of at least some senolytics in humans can be associated with toxic side effects (Kaefer et al., 2014; Wilson et al., 2010) which may be due to off-target killing of non-senescent cells.”
From Cytoplasmic DNA: sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease (2021) · cites this paper as Wilson et al., 2010
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“In oncology trials, 44–50% of patients experienced grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia33,34.”
From Emerging strategies in senotherapeutics: from broad-spectrum senolysis to precision reprogramming (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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“While ABT-263/Navitoclax have side effects [44, 45] and may not be directly applied to senolysis in humans, the targeting of senescent cells will be an effective approach.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, W. H., O'Connor, O. A., Czuczman, M. S., LaCasce, A. S., Gerecitano, J. F., Leonard, J. P., Tulpule, A., Dunleavy, K., Xiong, H., Chiu, Y.-L., Cui, Y., Busman, T., Elmore, S. W., Rosenberg, S. H., Krivoshik, A. P., Enschede, S. H., & Humerickhouse, R. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Abbott (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Wyndham H
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Oncology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1149-1159
- ISSN
- 1470-2045 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3025495
- OpenAlex
- W2150680216
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 18.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Abbott Fund
- Abbott Laboratories
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (ZIABC010716)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Keywords
- navitoclax, BCL-2 inhibitor, Bcl-xL, lymphoid malignancies, relapsed/refractory lymphoma, dose-limiting toxicity, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, T cell proliferation, platelet function, antitumour activity, intermittent dosing
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aniline Compounds, Antineoplastic Agents, Blood Platelets, Dosage Forms, Humans, Lymphoma, Middle Aged, Sulfonamides, T-Lymphocytes, Survival Analysis, Drug Delivery Systems, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Maximum Tolerated Dose
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