Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from?

Bonten, Marc JM; Willems, Rob; Weinstein, Robert A

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00145-1

Cited by 400Antibiotic Resistance in BacteriaAntimicrobial Resistance in StaphylococcusAntibiotic Use and Resistance

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from?

Bonten, Marc JM, Willems, Rob, Weinstein, Robert A·2001·The Lancet Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00145-1

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Abstract

Vancomcyin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as nosocomial pathogens in the past 10 years, causing epidemiological controversy. In the USA, colonisation with VRE is endemic in many hospitals and increasingly causes infection, but colonisation is absent in healthy people. In Europe, outbreaks still happen sporadically, usually with few serious infections, but colonisation seems to be endemic in healthy people and farm animals. Vancomycin use has been much higher in the USA, where emergence of ampicillin-resistant enterococci preceded emergence of VRE, making them very susceptible to the selective effects of antibiotics. In Europe, avoparcin, a vancomycin-like glycopeptide, has been widely used in the agricultural industry, explaining the community reservoir in European animals. Avoparcin has not been used in the USA, which is consistent with the absence of colonisation in healthy people. From the European animal reservoir, VRE and resistance genes have spread to healthy human beings and hospitalised patients. However, certain genogroups of enterococci in both continents seem to be more capable of causing hospital outbreaks, perhaps because of the presence of a specific virulence factor, the variant esp gene. By contrast with the evidence of a direct link between European animal and human reservoirs, the origin of American resistance genes remains to be established. Considering the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, the emergence of VRE has emphasised the non-existence of boundaries between hospitals, between people and animals, between countries, and probably between continents.

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Antibiotic-induced disturbance can lead to the growth and expansion of pathogens within the intestine, including antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
“This disturbance can lead to the growth and expansion of pathogens within the intestine (including antibiotic-resistant pathogens), where these pathogens can exploit the absence of competitors and the nutrient-enriched gut environment.”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Antibiotic treatment promotes intestinal colonization (and even domination) by pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE).
“This promotes intestinal colonization (and even domination) by pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile , carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) [30–32].”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Antibiotic treatment - especially treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics - kills members of the gut microbiota and disrupts colonization resistance.
“Antibiotic treatment – especially treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics – kills members of the gut microbiota and disrupts colonization resistance (Fig. 1).”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]

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Methaemoglobin during nitric oxide therapy with high-frequency ventilation
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Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Emerging Contaminants: Studies in Northern Colorado
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Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe
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Survey for virulence determinants among Enterococcus faecalis isolated from different sources
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Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin
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Nanotechnology as a Novel Approach in Combating Microbes Providing an Alternative to Antibiotics
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Zinc and copper in animal feed – development of resistance and co-resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria of animal origin
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Enterococcus faecalis– the root canal survivor and ‘star’ in post‐treatment disease
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Twenty-five years of shared life with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: is it time to divorce?
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Enterococcus faecium: from microbiological insights to practical recommendations for infection control and diagnostics
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Glycopeptide Antibiotics
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Vancomycin Revisited – 60 Years Later
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Restricted Gene Flow among Hospital Subpopulations of Enterococcus faecium
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Characterization and safety evaluation of enterococci isolated from Spanish goats' milk cheeses
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Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen
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The Anti-Sigma Factor TcdC Modulates Hypervirulence in an Epidemic BI/NAP1/027 Clinical Isolate of Clostridium difficile
Carter, G. P., Douce, G. R., Govind, R., Howarth, P. M., Mackin, K. E., Spencer, J., Buckley, A. M., Antunes, A. P. D. O. L., Kotsanas, D., Jenkin, G., et al. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002317 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Antibakterielle Naturstoffe in der medizinischen Chemie – Exodus oder Renaissance?
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Comparative Analysis of the First Complete Enterococcus faecium Genome
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Determining incidence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 38 centres from 17 countries: the PEARLS study 2001–2002
Bouchillon, S. K., Johnson, B., Hoban, D., Johnson, J. L., Dowzicky, M. J., Wu, D., Visalli, M. A., & Bradford, P. A. (2004) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.01.010 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Plasmids Shaped the Recent Emergence of the Major Nosocomial Pathogen Enterococcus faecium
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A review of ARGs in WWTPs: Sources, stressors and elimination
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Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis, a Novel Typing Scheme To Study the Genetic Relatedness and Epidemiology of Enterococcus faecium Isolates
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Use of Bacteriocins and Bacteriocinogenic Beneficial Organisms in Food Products: Benefits, Challenges, Concerns
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Agricultural Antibiotics and Human Health
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Synopses Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Outside the Health-Care Setting: Prevalence, Sources, and Public Health Implications
McDonald, L. C., Kuehnert, M. J., Tenover, F. C., & Jarvis, W. R. (2013)
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Authors: Bonten, M. J., Willems, R., & Weinstein, R. A.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (US)
Corresponding author: Bonten, Marc JM
ORCID: Bonten, Marc JM
Willems, Rob
Weinstein, Robert A
Venue: The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 5
Pages: 314-325
ISSN: 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00145-1
OpenAlex: W1998796942
Cited by: 400
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 1.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords: vancomycin-resistant enterococci, nosocomial infections, antibiotic resistance, avoparcin, reservoir hosts, human colonization, hospital outbreak, virulence genes, esp gene, resistance gene spread, antimicrobial use
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Husbandry, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Proteins, Cross Infection, Disease Outbreaks, Europe, Humans, Membrane Proteins, North America, Vancomycin, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium, Infection Control, Vancomycin Resistance

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Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from?

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