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Age-dependent and sex-dependent disparity in mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and autonomous cortisol secretion: an international, retrospective, cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Background The association between cortisol secretion and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas is controversial. We aimed to assess all-cause mortality, prevalence of comorbidities, and occurrence of cardiovascular events in uniformly stratified patients with adrenal incidentalomas and cortisol autonomy (defined as non-suppressible serum cortisol on dexamethasone suppression testing). Methods We conducted an international, retrospective, cohort study (NAPACA Outcome) at 30 centres in 16 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with an adrenal incidentaloma (diameter ≥1 cm) detected between Jan 1, 1996, and Dec 31, 2015, and availability of a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test result from the time of the initial diagnosis. Patients with clinically apparent hormone excess, active malignancy, or follow-up of less than 36 months were excluded. Patients were stratified according to the 0800-0900 h serum cortisol values after an overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test; less than 50 nmol/L was classed as non-functioning adenoma, 50-138 nmol/L as possible autonomous cortisol secretion, and greater than 138 nmol/L as autonomous cortisol secretion. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints were the prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities, cardiovascular events, and cause-specific mortality. The primary and secondary endpoints were assessed in all study participants. Findings Of 4374 potentially eligible patients, 3656 (2089 [57·1%] with non-functioning adenoma, 1320 [36·1%] with possible autonomous cortisol secretion, and 247 [6·8%] with autonomous cortisol secretion) were included in the study cohort for mortality analysis (2350 [64·3%] women and 1306 [35·7%] men; median age 61 years [IQR 53-68]; median follow-up 7·0 years [IQR 4·7-10·2]). During follow-up, 352 (9·6%) patients died. All-cause mortality (adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, and previous cardiovascular events) was significantly increased in patients with possible autonomous cortisol secretion (HR 1·52, 95% CI 1·19-1·94) and autonomous cortisol secretion (1·77, 1·20-2·62) compared with patients with non-functioning adenoma. In women younger than 65 years, autonomous cortisol secretion was associated with higher all-cause mortality than non-functioning adenoma (HR 4·39, 95% CI 1·93-9·96), although this was not observed in men. Cardiometabolic comorbidities were significantly less frequent with non-functioning adenoma than with possible autonomous cortisol secretion and autonomous cortisol secretion (hypertension occurred in 1186 [58·6%] of 2024 patients with non-functioning adenoma, 944 [74·0%] of 1275 with possible autonomous cortisol secretion, and 179 [75·2%] of 238 with autonomous cortisol secretion; dyslipidaemia occurred in 724 [36·2%] of 1999 patients, 547 [43·8%] of 1250, and 123 [51·9%] of 237; and any diabetes occurred in 365 [18·2%] of 2002, 288 [23·0%] of 1250, and 62 [26·7%] of 232; all p values <0·001). Interpretation Cortisol autonomy is associated with increased all-cause mortality, particularly in women younger than 65 years. However, until results from randomised interventional trials are available, a conservative therapeutic approach seems to be justified in most patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Funding Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Università di Torino.
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“Although overt physical features may be absent, the subtle hypercortisolism seen in MACS has been associated with adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, weight gain, osteoporosis, increased frailty, and increased mortality (33, 34, 97-101).”
From Measuring cortisol in Cushing syndrome: diagnosis, monitoring, and cortisol circadian rhythm improvement. (2026) · cites this paper as [101]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Deutschbein, T., Reimondo, G., Di Dalmazi, G., Bancos, I., Patrova, J., Vassiliadi, D. A., Nekić, A. B., Debono, M., Lardo, P., Ceccato, F., Petramala, L., Prete, A., Chiodini, I., Ivović, M., Pazaitou-Panayiotou, K., Alexandraki, K. I., Hanzu, F. A., Loli, P., Yener, S., Langton, K., Spyroglou, A., Kocjan, T., Zacharieva, S., Valdés, N., Ambroziak, U., Suzuki, M., Detomas, M., Puglisi, S., Tucci, L., Delivanis, D. A., Margaritopoulos, D., Dusek, T., Maggio, R., Scaroni, C., Concistrè, A., Ronchi, C. L., Altieri, B., Mosconi, C., Diamantopoulos, A., Iñiguez-Ariza, N. M., Vicennati, V., Pia, A., Kroiss, M., Kaltsas, G., Chrisoulidou, A., Marina, L. V., Morelli, V., Arlt, W., Letizia, C., Boscaro, M., Stigliano, A., Kastelan, D., Tsagarakis, S., Athimulam, S., Pagotto, U., Maeder, U., Falhammar, H., Newell-Price, J., Terzolo, M., & Fassnacht, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Evangelismos Hospital (GR)
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
- Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- Theageneio General Hospital (GR)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Fassnacht, Martin
- ORCID
- Deutschbein, Timo
- Reimondo, Giuseppe
- Bancos, Irina
- Patrova, Jekaterina
- Vassiliadi, Dimitra Argyro
- Nekić, Anja Barač
- Debono, Miguel
- Ceccato, Filippo
- Petramala, Luigi
- Prete, Alessandro
- Chiodini, Iacopo
- Ivović, Miomira
- Alexandraki, Krystallenia I
- Hanzu, Felicia Alexandra
- Loli, Paola
- Yener, Serkan
- Langton, Katharina
- Spyroglou, Ariadni
- Zacharieva, Sabina
- Valdés, Nuria
- Ambroziak, Urszula
- Suzuki, Mari
- Detomas, Mario
- Puglisi, Soraya
- Tucci, Lorenzo
- Delivanis, Danae Anastasia
- Margaritopoulos, Dimitris
- Maggio, Roberta
- Scaroni, Carla
- Concistrè, Antonio
- Ronchi, Cristina Lucia
- Altieri, Barbara
- Mosconi, Cristina
- Vicennati, Valentina
- Kroiss, Matthias
- Kaltsas, Gregory
- Chrisoulidou, Alexandra
- Marina, Ljiljana V
- Morelli, Valentina
- Arlt, Wiebke
- Letizia, Claudio
- Boscaro, Marco
- Stigliano, Antonio
- Tsagarakis, Stylianos
- Athimulam, Shobana
- Pagotto, Uberto
- Falhammar, Henrik
- Newell-Price, John
- Terzolo, Massimo
- Fassnacht, Martin
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 499-508
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9679334
- OpenAlex
- W4229070699
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 35.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 174 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
- National Institutes of Health (K23DK121888)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Associazione Angela Serra per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IG2019-23069)
- Diabetes UK (18/0005782)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Keywords
- adrenal incidentaloma, autonomous cortisol secretion, Cushing's syndrome, all-cause mortality, sex differences, age differences, dexamethasone suppression test, cardiovascular events, cardiometabolic comorbidities, cause-specific mortality, non-functioning adrenal adenoma, Cushing's disease
- MeSH terms
- Adenoma, Adrenal Gland Neoplasms, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Cohort Studies
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