Cited by 560Sex and Gender in HealthcareGender Roles and Identity StudiesMental Health and Psychiatry

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Sex and gender differences in mental disorders

Riecher-Rössler, Anita·2017·The Lancet Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30348-0

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The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754
Why is depression more common among women than among men?
Kuehner, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30263-2 · Cited by 1,752
Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., et al. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36 · Cited by 1,518
Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related disorders? The potential role of sex hormones
Li, S. H., & Graham, B. M. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30358-3 · Cited by 579
Violence against women and mental health
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Gender differences in mental disorders and suicidality in Europe: Results from a large cross-sectional population-based study
Boyd, A., Van de Velde, S., Vilagut, G., de Graaf, R., O׳Neill, S., Florescu, S., Alonso, J., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.002 · Cited by 298
Gender-neutral mental health research is sex and gender biased
Howard, L. M., Ehrlich, A., Gamlen, F., & Oram, S. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30209-7 · Cited by 183
Oestrogens, prolactin, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and schizophrenic psychoses
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Prospects for the classification of mental disorders in women
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Violence against Women and Mental Health
Garcia‐Moreno, C., & Riecher‐Rössler, A. (2012) · Key issues in mental health (Online)/Key issues in mental health (Print) · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-8055-9989-4 · Cited by 24
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Kerr, P., Torre, M. B. D., Giguère, C., LUPIEN, S. J., & Juster, R. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110352 · Cited by 34
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“A gender gap in the prevalence of anxiety and trauma and stress-related disorders was widely demonstrated in the psychiatric literature [19].”
Background
Prevalence of suicidality in clinically stable patients with major depressive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zhang, L., Cai, H. X., Bai, W., Zou, S., Feng, K.-X., Li, Y.-C., Liu, H., Du, X., Zeng, Z.-T., Lu, C.-M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.042 · Cited by 30
“, 2018)), higher risk of sexual and physical abuse, lower self-esteem, more severe interpersonal violence, and exposure to stress associated with gender inequity as factors that contribute to higher risk of suicidality among women, at least with reference to attempts (Riecher-Rössler, 2017).”
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Tendhar, T., Marcotte, M. A., Saikia, M. J., & de Mesquita, P. B. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2074276 · Cited by 29
“23 Both men and women in college experience stress associated with mental health concerns.”
Background
Sex-regulated gene dosage effect of PPARα on synaptic plasticity
Pierrot, N., Ris, L., Stancu, I., Doshina, A., Ribeiro, F., Tyteca, D., Baugé, E., Lalloyer, F., Malong, L., Schakman, O., et al. (2019) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.201800262 · Cited by 27
“In humans, sex differences exist in the vulnerability, incidence, manifestation, and treatment of numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases (Riecher-Rossler, 2017).”
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Gender Differences in Dual Diagnoses Associated with Cannabis Use: A Review
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“Men and women differ in the prevalence and manifestation of many psychiatric disorders [1,2].”
Background
Sex related inequalities in the management and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome in Switzerland: cross sectional study
Huber, E., Pogam, M. L., & Clair, C. (2022) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000300 · Cited by 28
“26 27 31 Concerning the outcomes, regardless of sex, one study showed that patients with psychotic disorders had a higher 30 day and one year mortality rate after an acute myocardial infarction and were less likely to receive coronary revascularisation.”
Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Individuals With a Psychiatric Disorder: A Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study
Lindekilde, N., Scheuer, S. H., Díaz, L. J., Rubin, K. H., Plana‐Ripoll, O., Henriksen, J. E., Lasgaard, M., Andersen, G. S., & Pouwer, F. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-1864 · Cited by 25
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Dale, R., Budimir, S., Probst, T., Humer, E. C., & Pieh, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.934253 · Cited by 28
“As expected, given that women typically exhibit poorer mental health than men (Riecher-Rössler, 2017), quality of life was generally lower in women than men.”
Background
Descriptive analysis of depression among adolescents in Huangshi, China
Zhang, X., Yan, Y., Ye, Z., & Xie, J. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04682-3 · Cited by 25
“More adolescent females developed depression than male adolescents [2, 12], and the gender difference might correlate with their hormones, for instance estradiol and progesterone sexual hormones [13, 14].”
Background
Mental Health during a COVID-19 Lockdown Over the Christmas Period in AustriaPreprint
Dale, R., Budimir, S., Probst, T., Stippl, P., & Pieh, C. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3773439 · Cited by 25
Adolescent Mental Health Problems and Adult Human Capital: Findings From the South African Birth to Twenty Plus Cohort at 28 Years of Age
Richter, L., Ahun, M. N., Besharati, S. N., Naicker, S. N., & Orri, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.017 · Cited by 27
Self-reported mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with alcohol and cannabis use: a latent class analysis
Somé, N. H., Wells, S. L., Felsky, D., Hamilton, H. A., Ali, S., Elton‐Marshall, T., & Rehm, J. T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03917-z · Cited by 27
The comorbid network characteristics of anxiety and depressive symptoms among Chinese college freshmen
Luo, J., Bei, D.-L., Zheng, C.-Z., Jin, J., Yao, C.-K., Zhao, J., & Gong, J. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05733-z · Cited by 26
“Given that freshmen face a changing environment, the lack of gender-based effects could be partly attributed to gender differences in biological susceptibility, self-esteem, and exposure to stress [56], or it could be due to the cultural background of Chinese collectivism.”
Background
Mental Health Hospitalizations in Canadian Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Over the COVID-19 Pandemic
Roumeliotis, N., Carwana, M., Trudeau-Ferrin, O., Charland, K., Zinszer, K., Benigeri, M., Diop, M., Papenburg, J., Ali, S., Yaskina, M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22833 · Cited by 24
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“Women are differently affected by mental disorders than men not only in terms of prevalence rates but also with regard to symptomatology, severity, course of illness, help-seeking behavior, and treatment efficacy (Mauvais-Jarvis et al., 2020; Riecher-R ¨ ossler, 2017).”
Network analysis of Internet addiction and depression among Chinese adolescents
Wu, J., Wu, X., Tarimo, C. S., Zhao, W., Xia, Q., Xu, X., Wu, C., Feng, H., Miao, Y., Liu, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.052 · Cited by 27
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“Notably, depression is more prevalent among women [10], as they tend to be more vulnerable to mental health issues than men [11].”
Zebrafish Tools for Deciphering Habenular Network-Linked Mental Disorders
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“Many medical schools disrupted their undergraduate medical education and transitioned most of their teaching to digital formats (Rose, 2020).”
Background
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Vila-Merkle, H., González-Martínez, A., Campos-Jiménez, R., Martínez‐Ricós, J., Teruel‐Martí, V., Lloret, A., Blasco‐Serra, A., & Cervera‐Ferri, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1122163 · Cited by 29
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Gender differences in health anxiety and musculoskeletal symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kırmızı, M., Yalçinkaya, G., & Şengül, Y. S. (2021) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-200301 · Cited by 22
“Also, we aimed to investigate this relationship separately for both genders because it has been suggested that there may be differences in the association between anxiety symptoms and related variables such as risk and protective factors, comorbidity, and influencing factors in females and males [26,27].”
Background
Physical and mental health impacts during COVID-19 quarantine in adolescents with preexisting chronic immunocompromised conditions
Lindoso, L., Astley, C., Queiroz, L. B., Gualano, B., Pereira, R. M. R., Tannuri, U., Campos, L. M. A., Lourenço, B., Toma, R. K., Medeiros, K., et al. (2021) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.09.002 · Cited by 23
“164 Without forgetting 56/91 (61) 153/212 (72) 1-2 days 29/91 (32) 51/212 (24)”
Influential
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“The gender difference is also consistent with a higher lifetime prevalence of mental disorders related to stress in women (Riecher-Rossler, 2017).”
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Social Stress Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior Equally in Male and Female Zebrafish
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“…human responses to threat more closely resemble the effects of social subordination (e.g., anxiety and depression) and are more prevalent in women (Riecher-Rössler, 2017), with women also more likely to suffer social violence and imposed subordination than men in Western societies (Oram et al.,…”
Background
Sex Differences in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Measurement Invariance, Prevalence, and Symptom Heterogeneity Among University Students in South Africa
Tadi, N. F., Pillay, K., Ejoke, U. P., & Khumalo, I. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873292 · Cited by 26
“Both gender and sex disproportionately place women at greater exposure to mental disorders (Riecher-Rössler, 2017; Keng et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResult
Trends in Hospital Admissions for Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019: An Ecological Study
Naser, A. Y., Dahmash, E. Z., Alqahtani, J. S., Alsairafi, Z. K., Alsaleh, F. M., & Alwafi, H. H. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112191 · Cited by 20
“Gender differences in mental disorders are among the most fascinating and wellknown findings in mental health [35].”
BackgroundResult
Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders
Wood, T. R., & Nance, E. A. (2019) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/1.5117299 · Cited by 21
Insomnia Disorder: Gender Issues Over the Lifespan
Baldi, E., Cerolini, S., Meneo, D., Baglioni, C., & Palagini, L. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70110 · Cited by 21
Role of stress in the development of rheumatoid arthritis: a case–control study
Germain, V., Scherlinger, M., Barnetche, T., Pichon, C., Balageas, A., Lequen, L., Shipley, É., Foret, J., Dublanc, S., Capuron, L., et al. (2020) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa216 · Cited by 19
Current Evidence and Future Directions of Berberine Intervention in Depression
Zhu, W., Wu, H.-Y., Sun, Z., Guo, Y. M., Ge, T., Li, B.-J., Li, X., & Cui, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.824420 · Cited by 19
“…factors that are well known to increase the risk of depression, including the influence of sex hormones, a dulled response to stress in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and a higher tendency to introspection, might boost the chances of women suffering from depression (Riecher-Rossler 2017).”
Background
Mental health status and its associated factors among female nurses in the normalization of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in China
Mao, X., Dong, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Deng, W., Li, Z., & Hou, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1088246 · Cited by 22
Is the diagnosis and treatment of depression gender-biased? Evidence from a population-based aging cohort in Sweden
Amaia Bacigalupe, H., Martín, U., Triolo, F., Sjöberg, L., Sterner, T. R., Dekhtyar, S., Fratiglioni, L., & Calderón‐Larrañaga, A. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02320-2 · Cited by 21
Post‐traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression among adults with congenital heart defects
Simeone, R. M., Downing, K. F., Bobo, W. V., Grosse, S. D., Khanna, A. D., & Farr, S. L. (2021) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1971 · Cited by 20
“This finding aligns with others that indicate women have higher rates of most mental illness and PTSD compared to men, possibly due to increased lifetime experience of associated risk factors (Olff, 2017; Riecher-Rossler, 2017).”
Result
Psychological Concerns Associated with Empathy in Paid and Unpaid Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review
Maximiano‐Barreto, M. A., Fabrício, D. D. M., Bomfim, A. J. D. L., Luchesi, B. M., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2090879 · Cited by 18
“This may be explained by the predominance of women in the samples, who also have higher rates of depressive, anxiety and stress disorders compared to men (Hou et al., 2020; Riecher-Rössler, 2017).”
Comparing the Relationships of Genetically Proxied PCSK9 Inhibition With Mood Disorders, Cognition, and Dementia Between Men and Women: A Drug‐Target Mendelian Randomization Study
Bell, A. S., Rosoff, D. B., Mavromatis, L. A., Jung, J., Wagner, J., & Lohoff, F. W. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026122 · Cited by 19
Sex differences in changes of depressive symptoms among older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two longitudinal cohorts
Zheng, F., Li, C., Hua, R., Liang, J., Gao, D., & Xie, W. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03744-1 · Cited by 17
“Since it is well-documented that depression is more common among women than among men even without the pandemic [7, 8], it is necessary to take pre-pandemic depression level into account to identify whether sex differences existed in pandemicinduced depression.”
Background
Factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts by Australian dental practitioners
Hopcraft, M. S., Stormon, N., McGrath, R., & Parker, G. B. (2023) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12849 · Cited by 18
Behavioral and psychosocial factors related to mental distress among medical students
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“Covariates Participant biological sex (44, 45), year in medical school (12), race, ethnicity (46), and family history of depression or suicide (depending on the model) were included as covariates in models examining the adjusted relations betweenmental distress indicators and risk factors.”
Method
Mental health, gender, and higher education attainment
Burger, K., & Rocha, D. S. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-023-01187-3 · Cited by 19
“…patterns of thoughts and behaviors (Jule 2014), because young men and women tend to suffer from different types of mental health issues (Riecher-Rössler 2017), because they respond in different ways to developmental challenges (Dedovic et al. 2009; Eschenbeck et al. 2007), or because…”
Background
The relationship between gender discrimination and wellbeing in middle-aged and older women
Hackett, R. A., Hunter, M. S., & Jackson, S. E. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299381 · Cited by 18
Anxiety and sleep quality in a sample of Lebanese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak
Zarzour, M., Hachem, C. E., Kerbage, H., Richa, S., Choueifaty, D. E., Saliba, G., Haddad, É., Melki, E., Sleilaty, G., Saliby, R. M., et al. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.016 · Cited by 25
Intergenerational transmission of out-of-home care and the role of mental health problems: Findings from Stockholm birth cohort multigenerational study
Straatmann, V. S., Jackisch, J., Brännström, L., & Almquist, Y. B. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114223 · Cited by 17
Associations of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Loneliness, Depression, and Loss of Interest Among Chinese Older Males and Females
Chang, Y., Lee, Y., Chiang, T. C., & Liu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00912-z · Cited by 17
“Because of the potential gender disparities of woman being more likely to have mental health problems than man (Riecher-Rössler, 2017; Yu, 2018), we performed gender-stratified models to examine the potential gender differences between older men and women.”
Global occurrence of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
Egbert, A. R., Karpiak, S. E., Havlik, R. J., & Cankurtaran, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111145 · Cited by 18
Sex-comparative study of gambling disorder regarding alexithymia and symptoms of depression, anxiety and hostility
Macía, L., Jáuregui, P., Herrero, M., Díez, I. I., Micó, V., Lamas, J., & Estévez, A. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152364 · Cited by 17
Associations between the urban environment and psychotic experiences in adolescents
Bouter, D. C., Ravensbergen, S. J., Lakerveld, J., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Mil, N. H. G. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.08.016 · Cited by 18
Sleep and Adolescent Depression
Fontanellaz-Castiglione, C. E. G., & Tarokh, L. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.3390/ctn8010003 · Cited by 22
“While the precise mechanisms underlying the gender gap are not understood, they are likely a combination of biological (e.g., hormones) and environmental (e.g., unequal power and status) factors that account for the higher incidence of depression among females [38].”
Background
Differences in psychological treatment outcomes by ethnicity and gender: an analysis of individual patient data
Arundell, L.-L., Saunders, R., Buckman, J. E. J., Lewis, G., Stott, J. C. H., Singh, S., Jena, R., Naqvi, S. A., Leibowitz, J., & Pilling, S. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02610-8 · Cited by 17
“Regarding gender differences, women are more likely to be diagnosed with CMDs than men [25, 26] and women from South Asian, Black African and African-Caribbean communities have the highest incidence of CMDs but are less likely to receive care for them relative to White-British women [8].”
Background
Parvalbumin interneuron mGlu5 receptors govern sex differences in prefrontal cortex physiology and binge drinking
Fabian, C. B., Jordan, N. D., Cole, R. H., Carley, L. G., Thompson, S. M., Seney, M. L., & Joffe, M. E. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01889-0 · Cited by 19
“Sex differences contribute to the incidence, presentation, and severity of several psychiatric disorders [1, 2].”
Gender disparities in depressive and anxiety symptoms among internal migrant workers in Shenzhen: a cross-sectional study
Hou, F., Liu, H., Peng, X., You, L., Zhou, Z., Xie, H., & Liu, T. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041446 · Cited by 17
Cannabis use and patterns among middle and older aged Canadians prior to legalization: a sex-specific analysis of the Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey
Keethakumar, A., Mehra, V. M., Khanlou, N., & Tamim, H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10074-z · Cited by 17
“The association between using cannabis and adverse mental health outcomes, such as increased depressive symptomology, worsening anxiety, and panic disorders, have been reported previously [41, 56].”
BackgroundResult
Opioid-Related Incident Severity and Emergency Medical Service Naloxone Administration by Sex in Massachusetts, 2013–2019
Bettano, A. L., Jones, K., Fillo, K. T., Ficks, R., & Bernson, D. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1949661 · Cited by 17
Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes in Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Study
Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Villarreal-Rao, B., Luna, M., Rojas-Mendoza, W. N., Alarcon-Ruiz, C. A., Villarreal‐Zegarra, D., Vilela-Estrada, A. L., & Ramírez, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095346 · Cited by 17
“This widespread result may be rooted in a variety of causes, including sex hormone differences, gender-based violence, and social and healthcare discrimination [43].”
Background
Sex-sensitive and gender-sensitive care for patients with mental disorders
Lenz, B., & Derntl, B. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00330-4 · Cited by 16
Molecular and Cellular Adaptations in Hippocampal Parvalbumin Neurons Mediate Behavioral Responses to Chronic Social Stress
Bhatti, D. L., Medrihan, L., Chen, M. X., Jin, J., McCabe, K. A., Wang, W., Azevedo, E. P., Ledo, J. H., & Kim, Y. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.898851 · Cited by 16
Trends in adolescent emotional problems in Wales between 2013 and 2019: the contribution of peer relationships
Anthony, R., Moore, G. F., Page, N., Ollerhead, C., Parker, J., Murphy, S., Rice, F. J., Armitage, J. M., & Collishaw, S. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13924 · Cited by 18
“In line with some previous ﬁndings (Keyes, Gary, O’Malley, Hamilton, & Schulenberg, 2019; Potrebny et al., 2019; Riecher-R € ossler, 2017; Slee, Nazareth, Freemantle, & Horsfall, 2021), the study suggests an overall greater increase in emotional problems between 2013 to 2019 for girls than boys…”
Result
Sex‐opposed inflammatory effects of 27‐hydroxycholesterol are mediated via differences in estrogen signaling
Houben, T., Bitorina, A. V., Oligschlaeger, Y., Jeurissen, M. L. J., Rensen, S. S., Köhler, E. S., Westerterp, M., Lütjohann, D., Theys, J., Romano, A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5477 · Cited by 16
“So far, genderspecific health care is only present in very limited quantities and epidemiological research proving sex differences [37,38] are only recently finding their way to larger scientific audiences, which is exemplified by funding agencies specifically endorsing research investigating female/male differences […”
Background
Pharmacogenetic Guidelines and Decision Support Tools for Depression Treatment: Application to Late-Life
Chang, D. D., Eyre, H. A., Abbott, R. B., Coudreaut, M. F., Baune, B. T., Shaman, J. A., Lavretsky, H., Lenze, E. J., Merrill, D. A., Singh, A., et al. (2018) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs-2018-0099 · Cited by 16
Health Care Disparities Among U.S. Women of Reproductive Age by Level of Psychological Distress
Johnson, P. J., Jou, J., & Upchurch, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7551 · Cited by 16
The Impact of Caregiving Burden on Mental Well-Being in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Caregivers: The Mediatory Role of Perceived Social Support
Solorzano, C. S., Leigh, E. S., Steptoe, A., Ronaldson, A., Kidd, T., Jahangiri, M., & Poole, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105447 · Cited by 18
“Prior literature has indicated that women have a higher prevalence of mood and affective disorders than men [74].”
Background
Psychological Distress and Access to Care Among Midlife Women
Johnson, P. J., Jou, J., & Upchurch, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264318822367 · Cited by 14
“Women are more than twice as likely to have serious mental illness such as depression, anxiety disorders, or posttraumatic stress disorder compared with men (Eaton et al., 2012; Kuehner, 2017; Riecher-Rossler, 2017).”
Background
Testing and estimation of X‐chromosome SNP effects: Impact of model assumptions
Song, Y., Biernacka, J. M., & Winham, S. J. (2021) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22393 · Cited by 13
Off–label long acting injectable antipsychotics in real–world clinical practice: a cross-sectional analysis of prescriptive patterns from the STAR Network DEPOT study
D'Agostino, A., Aguglia, A., Barbui, C., Bartoli, F., Carrà, G., Cavallotti, S., Chirico, M., Ostinelli, E., Zangani, C., Martinotti, G., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04071-2 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, female sex is relatively more represented in cohorts of patients with mood and personality disorders compared to SCZ [25, 26].”
Background
Risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among the Saudi general population during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alsaif, B. S., Algahtani, F. D., Alzain, M. A., Zrieq, R. M., Aldhmadi, B. K., Alnasser, B., & Hassan, S.-U.-N. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01010-4 · Cited by 15
“In general, previous studies have also reported women’s vulnerability to psychological morbidity in comparison to men [25, 26].”
Result
Mental health of young adults pursuing higher education in Tier-1 cities of India: A cross-sectional study
Suresh, K., & Dar, A. A. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104447 · Cited by 23
Multi-level variations of lateral habenula in depression: A comprehensive review of current evidence
Zhang, G., Wu, H.-Y., Cui, W., & Peng, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1043846 · Cited by 14
“summary, these results indicated a higher sensitivity to stress in females, which matches clinical observations (73).”
Result
The Impact of Psychological Distress on Cervical Cancer
Wu, C., & Chiu, L. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15041100 · Cited by 14
Anxiety symptoms and disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Panchal, U. R., Vaquerizo‐Serrano, J., Conde-Ghigliazza, I., Genç, H. A., Marchini, S., Pociūtė, K., Ocakoğlu, B. K., Sanchez-Roman, S., Őri, D., Catalán, A., et al. (2023) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2023.06.003 · Cited by 17
Prospective Association of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety with Pornography Viewing Frequency Among Young Adults
Singareddy, C., Shrestha, S., Zheng, A., Harlow, B. L., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., & Harlow, A. F. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-03024-y · Cited by 14
XYGO: proposing a new holistic measure of gender identity and sexual orientation
Cristofaro, A. D., Jannini, T. B., Colonnello, E., Limoncin, E., Mollaioli, D., Ciocca, G., Sansone, A., & Jannini, E. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-025-01041-7 · Cited by 14
“For example, people of all genders, including children, women, men, and orientation-diverse and GD persons, can experience specific forms of abuse and gender-based violence leading to post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depressive disorders 5,50–55 .”
Gendered Patterns in Depression and Anxiety among African Immigrants in the United States
Escamilla, S. W., & Saasa, S. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2020.1748153 · Cited by 18
Sexual dimorphism in pre-clinical studies of depression
Alshammari, T. K. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110120 · Cited by 16
Understanding Australian adolescent girls’ use of digital technologies for healthy lifestyle purposes: a mixed-methods study
Parker, K. E., Gould, L., Nand, M., Rawstorn, J. C., Ayala, A. M. C., Maddison, R., & Toffoletti, K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13869-4 · Cited by 14
“The health and wellbeing of adolescent girls is of particular concern with higher rates of mental ill health [8], body image issues and disordered eating [9], and lower rates of physical activity [10], compared to their male counterparts, and these are more prevalent with increasing age throughout the adolescent years…”
Background
Hearing Aid Use Time Is Causally Influenced by Psychological Parameters in Mildly Distressed Patients with Chronic Tinnitus and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss
Boecking, B., Psatha, S., Amarjargal, N., Dettling-Papargyris, J., Funk, C., Oppel, K., Brüeggemann, P., Rose, M., & Mazurek, B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195869 · Cited by 14
Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology
Rodríguez‐Ramos, Á., Moriana, J. A., García‐Torres, F., & Ruiz‐Rubio, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248368 · Cited by 15
“The causes of these differences are not yet fully understood, but some authors point to the influence of sex hormones [12].”
Background
Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists Use and Cessation Among Multimorbid Older Adults with Polypharmacy: Secondary Analysis from the OPERAM Trial
Sibille, F., de Saint‐Hubert, M., Henrard, S., Aubert, C. E., Goto, N. A., Jennings, E. L. M., Dalleur, O., Rodondi, N., Knol, W., O’Mahony, D., et al. (2023) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-023-01029-1 · Cited by 13
“Previous evidence highlighted higher rates of depression (symptoms) and anxiety in (older) women [40], and differences in sleep behavior and sleep disorders [41].”
Background
Socio-economic factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms among adolescents and young people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Foláyan, M. O., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Ellakany, P., Yousaf, M. A., Osamika, B. E., Virtanen, J. I., Gaffar, B. O., Lawal, F. B., Khalid, Z., Aly, N. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50333-8 · Cited by 15
“Notably, female sex hormones like progesterone and estradiol play a pivotal role in regulating mood states 48–50 .”
Background
Suicide ideation and male-female differences in major depressive disorder
Olgiati, P., Pecorino, B., & Serretti, A. (2024) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2024.2335950 · Cited by 14
“…viewed as distinct, although often interrelated, disease-modifiers (Mauvais-Jarvis et al., 2020). in psychiatry, more research should be done on gender differences in illness behaviour and coping as well as on sex-specific aspects of psychobiology and psychopharmacology (Riecher-Rössler, 2017).”
Background
Emotional Distress and Body Dissatisfaction: The Mediating Role of Social Media and Emotional Regulation
López-Montón, M., Aonso-Diego, G., & Estévez, A. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs14070580 · Cited by 13
Trends in Healthy Life Years Between 2005 and 2019 in 31 European Countries: The Compression or Expansion of Morbidity?
Straka, J., Šídlo, L., & Kulhánová, I. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2024.1607574 · Cited by 16
“Further, the distribution of diseases and adverse health conditions varies by gender, i.e., women are at higher risk of non-life-threatening conditions and mental health issues [48].”
Background
Racial and ethnic differences in mental health service utilization among the Hawaii medicaid population
Lim, E., Gandhi, K., Siriwardhana, C., Davis, J. W., & Chen, J. J. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521917 · Cited by 13
“Sex and age are factors known to affect mental health disorders (Afifi, 2007; Boyd et al., 2015; Gagne, Vasiliadis, & Preville, 2014; Le Querrec et al., 2015; Park et al., 2014; Riecher-Rossler, 2017).”
Background
COVID-19 quarantine in adolescents with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: mental health issues and life conditions
Ihara, B. P., Lindoso, L., Setoue, D. N. D., Tanigava, N. Y., Helito, A. C., Simon, J. R., Viana, V. S. L., Strabelli, C. A. A., Pedroso, C. A. A., Sieczkowska, S. M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06234-8 · Cited by 13
Depression and anxiety among multiethnic middle school students: Age, gender, and sociocultural environment
JENKINS, J. H., Sánchez, G., Miller, E. A., Allande, N. I. S., Urano, G., & Pryor, A. J. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221140282 · Cited by 14
Prevalence and Predictors of PTSD During the Initial Stage of COVID-19 Epidemic among Female College Students in China
Si, M., Su, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, W., Gu, X., Ma, L., Li, J., Zhang, S., Ren, Z., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580211059953 · Cited by 17
Understanding the relationship between gender and mental health in adolescence: the Gender Adherence Index (GAI)
Bertran, X. C., Peguero, G., Serral, G., Sánchez, E., Hernáez, Á. M., & Balaguer, A. P. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02150-7 · Cited by 16
“Differences based on sex and gender construction in mental disorders are among the most intriguing and stable findings in psychiatry [12].”
Cortical–brainstem circuitry attenuates physiological stress reactivity
Pace, S. A., Lukinic, E., Wallace, T., McCartney, C., & Myers, B. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285627 · Cited by 12
Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in Mexican medical students: a cross-sectional study
Robles-Rivera, K., Limón-Rojas, A. E., Wakida-Kusunoki, G. H., Altamirano, L. M., Mirella, V.-R., Romero-Romero, E., Rojas-Hernández, M. T., & Morales-Carmona, R. O. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07742-x · Cited by 19
Hearing impairment and loneliness in older adults in Shandong, China: the modifying effect of living arrangement
Jiang, F., Zhang, J., Qin, W., Ding, G., & Xu, L. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01594-0 · Cited by 13
Sex differences in fronto‐limbic white matter tracts in youth with mood disorders
Hermens, D. F., Jamieson, D., Fitzpatrick, L., Sacks, D. D., Iorfino, F., Crouse, J. J., Guastella, A. J., Scott, E. M., Hickie, I. B., & Lagopoulos, J. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13440 · Cited by 11
“Sex differences have been reported in the occurrence of mood disorders with the common finding that females have higher prevalence rates than males.(5,6) In a large-scale worldwide epidemiological study, Kessler and Bromet(7) found that although prevalence rates differed between cultures, a consistent finding was that…”
Background
The Association Between the Changes in General, Family, and Financial Aspects of Quality of Life and Their Effects on Cognitive Function in an Elderly Population: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, 2008–2016
Chae, W., Park, E., & Jang, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031106 · Cited by 16
“Our analyses support the theory of gender as a different mechanism in mental health [36,37] which can be presented as the gender effect.”
Method
Exploring new tendencies of gender and health in university students
Esteban‐Gonzalo, S., Pascual, J. L. G., Sol, M. G.-D., & Esteban‐Gonzalo, L. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01087-z · Cited by 12
“For instance, the mental sequelae for abused women includes posttraumatic stress syndromes, anxiety and depressive disorders, suicidality, substance abuse, and dissociative and somatoform disorders (Riecher-Rössler 2017; García-Moreno and Riecher-Rössler 2013).”
Background
Social support and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive meta-analysis unveils limited protective effects
Zhang, X., Xiao, Y., Xu, P., & Dong, S. (2025) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909251324571 · Cited by 17
“Second, numerous studies have shown that women are at a greater risk of experiencing mental health symptoms compared to men due to the interaction of biological factors and social determinants, including gender stereotypes (A ﬁﬁ , 2007; Riecher-Rössler, 2010, 2017).”

Authors: Riecher-Rössler, A.
Venue: The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-9
ISSN: 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30348-0
OpenAlex: W2556344411
Cited by: 560
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 70 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 13.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, mental illness, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors, clinical course
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones

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