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Sex and gender differences in mental disorders

Riecher-Rössler, Anita·2017·The Lancet Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30348-0

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Background
Menstrual cycle-related changes in the human brain
Pletzer, B. A., Comasco, E., Hidalgo‐Lopez, E., Kimmig, A.-C. S., Poromaa, I. S., & Derntl, B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00151-0 · Cited by 4
Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in childrenPreprint
Dhamala, E., Chopra, S., Ooi, L. Q. R., Rubio, J. M., Yeo, B. T. T., Malhotra, A. K., & Holmes, A. J. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5167657/v1 · Cited by 2
Work-family interface and mental health inequalities between women and men: A gendered exposure model across Canadian provinces
Bilodeau, J., Beauregard, N., Haines, V. Y., & Quesnel‐Vallée, A. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117935 · Cited by 2
Predicting Youths Well-Being Using Resilience and Family Resilience
Hamzah, H. B., Ramlee, F., Panatik, S. A., Tan, C., Jalil, N. I. A., & Zulkifli, S. S. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.1177/2192001x251325880 · Cited by 2
“The reason could be due to females having a higher risk of acquiring mental health disorders due to hormones, gender-based violence, and biological factors such as puberty and hormonal changes (Riecher-Rössler, 2017).”
Mental Health and Interoceptive Sensibility in Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions: A Clinical Investigation of Psychological and Behavioural Correlates
Varela, V., Vlachopoulou, M., Papageorgiou, C., Antonopoulos, A., Miliou, A., Koutsilieri, D., Tsioufis, K., Papageorgiou, C., & Vlachopoulos, C. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-025-10404-8 · Cited by 2
“The increased vulnerability among women likely reflects the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors, including historical socio-economic disadvantage, unequal access to resources, and higher exposure to lifetime trauma and adverse life events [for discussion see 60, 61].”
Psychosocial well-being in middle schoolers: effects of a school cycling program in the wake of COVID-19
Murillo, S., Philipsheck, A. P., Dementyev, F., Bello-Soto, B., Bhatt, E., Wilson, H., Madison, K., Schuck, L., Wiafe, S., Brown, C. L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1646805 · Cited by 3
“Although studies suggest a narrowing of this gender disparity, the divergence typically emerges around age 12, peaks during mid-adolescence (around age 16), and subsequently declines, stabilizing in adulthood (105, 106, 108, 109).”
Gendered Patterns in Anxiety and Subjective Well-Being
Pinho, M., & Varsori, E. (2026) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-026-10535-4 · Cited by 2
“Gendered expectations and greater exposure to specific stressors, such as caregiving burdens or gender-based violence, may also contribute to heightened anxiety among women (Farhane-Medina et al., 2022 ; Hantsoo & Epperson, 2017 ; Riecher-Rössler, 2017 ).”
Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years in Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2023
Kusuma, D., Hasmi, A. N., Shukla, A., Elbarazi, I., Mokdad, A. H., & Saddik, B. A. (2026) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.103827 · Cited by 2
“30 These differences arise from a complex interplay of biological, behavioral and sociocultural determinants.”
Non-specialist interpersonal psychotherapy versus fluoxetine for major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in Kenyan public-sector primary care: a sequential, multiple-assignment, randomised trial
Meffert, S. M., Mathai, M., Ongeri, L., Neylan, T. C., Mwai, D., Onyango, D., Akena, D. H., Rota, G., Otieno, A., Mbwayo, A., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Primary Care · doi:10.1016/j.lanprc.2026.100117 · Cited by 3
Global prevalence of depression among university students: a systematic literature review
Jacob, U. S., & Maguvhe, M. O. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1809441 · Cited by 2
Mental health, suicide attempt, and family function for adolescents’ primary health care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Torres, I. L. R., Ahmad, M., Álvarez, J. M. M., Golpe, A. A., & Herrera, R. D. J. G. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.109603.1 · Cited by 2
Risk of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Psoriasis Prescribed Acitretin versus Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study
Lin, T., Kuo, C.-M., Chang, Y., Ho, H. J., Chen, Y., & Wu, C. (2023) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000529602 · Cited by 2
Changing morbidity-free life expectancy in India by gender and place of residence
Shabnam, S. (2023) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20231288 · Cited by 2
COVID-19 survivors: the link between C-reactive protein and psychopathologies
Effendy, E., & Mardhiyah, S. A. (2023) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.04.010 · Cited by 2
Sex/gender differences in the associations between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence with mental disorders
Cavanaugh, C. E., Rucci, S., & Vasquez-Home, O. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115456 · Cited by 2
Common mental health problems and associated factors among recovered COVID-19 patients in rural area: A community-based survey in Bangladesh
Zaid, Z. I., Tasnim, A. F., Khan, M. M. H., Ratan, Z. A., Islam, M. T., & Haque, M. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294495 · Cited by 2
The unmet need for mental health support among persons with disabilities in Somalia: Principal correlates and barriers to access
Zemp, C., Vallières, F., Jama, M. A., Ali, A. H., Young, K., & Jagoe, C. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.66 · Cited by 2
“This may be accounted for by a greater likelihood of females experiencing internalised mental health problems – such as anxiety and/or depression – compared to men (Seedat et al., 2009; Riecher-Rössler, 2016; Otten et al., 2021) with the greatest disparity in sub-Saharan Africa (Yu, 2018).”
Background
Assessing the Determinants of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Male Costa Rican Students: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study
Umaña, Y. R., Rojas-Bogante, L., Stradi-Granados, S., Barahona-Cubillo, J. B., & Barboza‐Solís, C. (2024) · Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.15517/ijds.2024.60563 · Cited by 3
Sex differences among patients with intentional poisoning presenting to the emergency Department at a Tertiary Care Centre in Beirut, Lebanon
Zahran, T. E., Hammoud, L., Salam, R., Salam, Y., Kazzi, Z., Tamim, H., & Hitti, E. A. (2024) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.14039 · Cited by 2
“35 18 – 20 Mortality rates from self-poisoning are estimated to be more prevalent in lower and middle-income countries (10% – 20%, compared to 0.5% – 1% in high-income countries).”
Influential
Gender differences in patients with corona virus disease-2019 presenting with psychiatric disturbances: a multicentre study
Maher, R., Shousha, H. I., Madbouly, N. M., Afify, S., Moussa, S. S., Asem, N., Abdelazeem, A., Youssif, E. M., Harhira, K. Y., Elmorsy, H., et al. (2024) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-024-00445-2 · Cited by 2
“Depression and anxiety are more prevalent in females, whereas substance abuse is higher in males [14].”
Background
Associations of sexual orientation and state-level antidiscrimination policy protections with alcohol and mental health outcomes in a U.S. sample of adolescents and adults
Evans-Polce, R. J., Kcomt, L., Casey, L., Boyd, C. J., McCabe, S., Veliz, P., Conlin, C., & Parra, L. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117605 · Cited by 2
The Neuroimmune Endocrine Network and Emerging Pollutants During Mental Disorders
Castro, K. E. N., Garay-Canales, C. A., Mendoza, M. S., Ríos-Avila, M. D. S., Vargas, V., & Morales‐Montor, J. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72079-6_3 · Cited by 3
Role of Glial Cells and Receptors in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis
Tizabi, Y., Antonelli, M. C., Tizabi, D., & Aschner, M. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04336-8 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, testosterone has been associated with increased risk of SCZ in males [44 , 45 ].”
Prospective, Directional Associations Between Social Media Intensity and Loneliness in Adolescence
Sherwin, E. B., Barendse, M. E. A., Dahl, R. E., & Magis‐Weinberg, L. (2025) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.70000 · Cited by 3
Computational Mechanisms of Approach-Avoidance Conflict Predictively Differentiate Between Affective and Substance Use Disorders
Mehta, M., Hakimi, N., Pena, O., Torres, T. M., Goldman, C. M., Lavalley, C. A., Stewart, J. L., Berg, H. E., Ironside, M., Paulus, M. P., et al. (2025) · Computational Psychiatry · doi:10.5334/cpsy.131 · Cited by 2
9. How do early-life conditions shape health age profiles late in life?
Belloni, M., Cavapozzi, D., Bianco, C. D., Pan, Y., & Trucchi, S. (2019) · doi:10.1515/9783110617245-009 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Concurrent Racial and Religious Discrimination on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Muslim Young Adults
Murtaza, Z. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/15218716 · Cited by 3
Bad mommies: socio-cognitive judgments of single mothers with alcohol use disorder
Cooke, J. S., Oates, J. M., Wilson, M. R., & Pinier, C. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922343 · Cited by 2
“…based bias manifests in a clear wage gap (American Association of University Women (AAUW), 2019), workplace bias (e.g., Benard, Paik, & Correll, 2007; Burgess, 2013; Correll, Benard, & Paik, 2007; Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2004), mental health strain, and healthcare access (Riecher-R€ossler, 2017).”
Background
Shaping Future Doctors’ Minds: Effects of Biological and Social Models on Medical Students’ Views on Depression
Kostic, M. V., Radanović, A., & Jovanovic, S. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01515-x · Cited by 4
Somatic symptom distress and gender moderate the effect of integrative group psychotherapy for functional vertigo on vertigo handicap: A moderation analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Dale, R., Limburg, K., Schmid‐Mühlbauer, G., Probst, T., & Lahmann, C. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111175 · Cited by 2
Depression, Anxiety and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and their Correlates among Adults in Central Vietnam
Trang, D. T. H. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.131606 · Cited by 2
Decoding Age-specific Changes in Brain Functional Connectivity Using a Sliding-window Based Clustering MethodPreprint
Zhang, A., Pagliaccio, D., Marsh, R., & Lee, S. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509677 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, sex differences have been well-recognized as significant contributor in the cognition development [14] and psychiatric disorders [15].”
Background
Gender-Based Considerations for Women Experiencing Psychosis: Implications for Occupational Therapy
Khan, S. (2023) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2023.2280550 · Cited by 1
“Occupational therapists can help women identify their strengths in time management, organization, and adaptability, aiding them in achieving a harmonious balance (Rossler, 2017).”
Influential
The psychopathology among the offspring of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder patients in an Egyptian sample: A comparative study
Gabrielle, F. F., Refaat, G., Mahmoud, D. A. M., Ezzat, L., & Kasem, R. E. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231216354 · Cited by 1
“Screening of psychiatric symptoms and/or disorders in relation to gender: Riecher-Rössler (2017) reported that there is a connection between gender and the incidence of specific mental diseases, such as sadness, anxiety, and somatic problems.”
Background
Psychological Distress Associated with Enforced Hospital Isolation Due to COVID-19 during the “Flatten the Curve” Phase in Morocco: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Chadli, S., Bennis, R. N., Madani, N., Fahime, E. E., Abouqal, R., & Belayachi, J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12050548 · Cited by 1

Authors: Riecher-Rössler, A.
Venue: The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-9
ISSN: 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30348-0
OpenAlex: W2556344411
Cited by: 560
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 70 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 13.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, mental illness, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors, clinical course
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones

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