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International consensus on a standard set of outcome measures for child and youth anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder
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A major barrier to improving care effectiveness for mental health is a lack of consensus on outcomes measurement. The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) has already developed a consensus-based standard set of outcomes for anxiety and depression in adults (including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, and the WHO Disability Schedule). This Position Paper reports on recommendations specifically for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and young people aged between 6 and 24 years. An international ICHOM working group of 27 clinical, research, and lived experience experts formed a consensus through teleconferences, an exercise using an adapted Delphi technique (a method for reaching group consensus), and iterative anonymous voting, supported by sequential research inputs. A systematic scoping review identified 70 possible outcomes and 107 relevant measurement instruments. Measures were appraised for their feasibility in routine practice (ie, brevity, free availability, validation in children and young people, and language translation) and psychometric performance (ie, validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change). The final standard set recommends tracking symptoms, suicidal thoughts and behaviour, and functioning as a minimum through seven primarily patient-reported outcome measures: the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory for Children, the Children's Revised Impact of Events Scale, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, the KIDSCREEN-10, the Children's Global Assessment Scale, and the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale. The set's recommendations were validated through a feedback survey involving 487 participants across 45 countries. The set should be used alongside the anxiety and depression standard set for adults with clinicians selecting age-appropriate measures.
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“Since the protocol for this review was published, a core outcome set for common mental disorders in children and young people has been published (Krause 2021)”
From Prevention of self-harm and suicide in young people up to the age of 25 in education settings (2024) · cites this paper as Krause 2021
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krause, K. R., Chung, S., Adewuya, A. O., Albano, A. M., Babins-Wagner, R., Birkinshaw, L., Brann, P., Creswell, C., Delaney, K., Falissard, B., Forrest, C. B., Hudson, J. L., Ishikawa, S.-I., Khatwani, M., Kieling, C., Krause, J., Malik, K., Martínez, V., Mughal, F., Ollendick, T. H., Ong, S. H., Patton, G. C., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Szatmari, P., Thomas, E., Walters, L., Young, B., Zhao, Y., & Wolpert, M.
- Affiliations
- Anna Freud Centre (GB)
- Lagos State University (NG)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- YoungMinds (GB)
- Eastern Health (AU)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Rush University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Doshisha University (JP)
- University of Delhi (IN)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service (AU)
- Sangath (IN)
- Millennium Science Initiative (CL)
- Keele University (GB)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Institute of Mental Health (SG)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Jack.org (CA)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Wellcome Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Krause, Karolin R
- ORCID
- Krause, Karolin R
- Adewuya, Abiodun O
- Albano, Anne Marie
- Brann, Peter
- Creswell, Cathy
- Delaney, Kathleen
- Falissard, Bruno
- Forrest, Christopher B
- Hudson, Jennifer L
- Ishikawa, Shin-ichi
- Kieling, Christian
- Malik, Kanika
- Martínez, Vania
- Mughal, Faraz
- Ollendick, Thomas H
- Ong, Say How
- Patton, George C
- Walters, Lucas
- Young, Bryan
- Zhao, Yue
- Wolpert, Miranda
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-86
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3112169703
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 19.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child and youth mental health, outcome measures, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, patient-reported outcome measures, ICHOM, psychometric properties, symptom monitoring, functioning, KIDSCREEN-10, Children's Global Assessment Scale, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome, Sickness Impact Profile, Consensus, Internationality, Young Adult
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