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COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: reimagining global mental health
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Most of the global population live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have historically received a small fraction of global resources for mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly in many of these countries. This Review examines the mental health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs in four parts. First, we review the emerging literature on the impact of the pandemic on mental health, which shows high rates of psychological distress and early warning signs of an increase in mental health disorders. Second, we assess the responses in different countries, noting the swift and diverse responses to address mental health in some countries, particularly through the development of national COVID-19 response plans for mental health services, implementation of WHO guidance, and deployment of digital platforms, signifying a welcome recognition of the salience of mental health. Third, we consider the opportunity that the pandemic presents to reimagine global mental health, especially through shifting the balance of power from high-income countries to LMICs and from narrow biomedical approaches to community-oriented psychosocial perspectives, in setting priorities for interventions and research. Finally, we present a vision for the concept of building back better the mental health systems in LMICs with a focus on key strategies; notably, fully integrating mental health in plans for universal health coverage, enhancing access to psychosocial interventions through task sharing, leveraging digital technologies for various mental health tasks, eliminating coercion in mental health care, and addressing the needs of neglected populations, such as children and people with substance use disorders. Our recommendations are relevant for the mental health of populations and functioning of health systems in not only LMICs but also high-income countries impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with wide disparities in quality of and access to mental health care.
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“and the pressure of the pandemic on health-care systems in the future.”
From Strengthening public mental health during and after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It has been the focus of recent calls for a paradigm change in the field of global mental health (106–108), particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (109).”
From Recovery from Severe Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review of Service User and Informal Caregiver Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [109]
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“Digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been proposed as potential solutions to these challenges [Rudd and Beidas, 2020, Taylor et al., 2020, Kola et al., 2021].”
From Closing the accessibility gap to mental health treatment with a personalized self-referral chatbot (2024) · cites this paper as Kola et al., 2021
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Veasey, C. M., Lieu, J., Aledeh, M., Lawson, A., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2024.2374525 · Cited by 1
“As many low-income communities initially face inadequate health services, social safety nets, and economic resources, mental health concerns may have the potential to be devasting and long-lasting for many people (Kola et al., 2021).”
Nair, B. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.06.274 · Cited by 1
Ospina, J. P. Z., Lujan, K. G. –., López-Puerta, A., Ospina, L. C., Gutiérrez-Londoño, P. A., Aristizábal, A., Gómez, M., & Valencia, J. G. (2024) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2022.04.003 · Cited by 1
Linking Covid-19, Economic Inequality, and Pervasive Mental Health
Alam, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_468-1 · Cited by 1
Li, N., Xu, C., Ma, G., Yu, M., Hq, W., & Liu, X. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10393-y · Cited by 1
“For instance, in many developing nations, the lack of robust social safety nets and the predominance of informal employment sectors leave lower educational groups particularly vulnerable to economic shocks, thereby exacerbating mental health issues (Kola et al., 2021).”
Psychological Well-being of the Elderly in Yogyakarta City: Descriptive Study
Astuti, B., Rachmawati, I., Kurniasari, M., Sari, W. J., & Lestari, R. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002024061103000 · Cited by 1
“This is because the lack of proper care by family members and neglect can interfere with the physical and mental problems of the elderly (Kola et al., 2021; Manchia et al., 2022; Afrashteh et al., 2024).”
Maulik, P. K., Daniel, M., Ghosh, A., Devarapalli, S., Kallakuri, S., Kaur, A., Sagar, R., Billot, L., Thornicroft, G., Saxena, S., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.68 · Cited by 1
“28 However, the overall remission rate was similar to the 3-and 6-month remission rates we have reported in previous pre-pandemic research with similar follow-up time periods.”
Self-citationHushmandi, K., Saghari, S., & Raesi, R. (2023) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/18749445-v16-230818-2023-57 · Cited by 1
Pereira, L. F., Melo, A. M. D., SOUZA, D. D. S. D., Lima, D. B. C. D., Silva, E. D. S., MESQUITA, G. F. D. J., Tussolini, G. R., & Silva, I. A. D. (2021) · South Florida Journal of Development · doi:10.46932/sfjdv2n2-081 · Cited by 1
Desigualdades, trabalho e saúde na pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil
Santos, K. O. B., de Almeida, M. M. C., Mise, Y. F., Miranda, S. S., & Feijó, F. R. (2020) · EDUFBA eBooks · doi:10.9771/9786556300757.028 · Cited by 1
Stress, coping and resilience in times of COVID-19: an online psychological intervention for women
Gálvez, A. L. B., Ortiz, A. P., Lugo-González, I. V., Pérez-Bautista, Y. Y., Moreno, A. G. F., Medina-Jiménez, E. A., & Serrano, S. A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220223
Psychological Distress due to COVID-19 in the Albanian Adult Population
Ndreu, V., Themeli, Y., Zekja, I., & Kamberi, F. (2022) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203126 · Cited by 1
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Ciudad-Fernández, V., Schoeps, K., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0015 · Cited by 1
OBESIDADE E A PANDEMIA DA COVID-19: O QUE ACONTECEU?
Bellaver, E. H., Moreira, V. B., & Branco, P. O. H. (2023) · Simpósio Internacional Interdisciplinar dos Cursos da Área da Saúde · doi:10.17648/siics-2022-159262 · Cited by 1
Badino, M., & Farias, M. A. (2023) · Revista de salud publica del Paraguay · doi:10.18004/rspp.2023.dicie.03 · Cited by 1
Psychological distress across the deployment cycle: comparing pre- and peri-pandemic trajectories
Bühler, A., & Willmund, G. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23746-5 · Cited by 1
“A lack of healthcare, health protection and delayed immunisation left the population in war-torn countries, mostly low-income countries, even more vulnerable to highly contagious and potentially life-threatening viruses such as SARS-Cov-2 [5].”
Alharbi, T. A. F., AlQurashi, A., Mahmud, I., Alharbi, R. J., Islam, S. M. S., Almustanyir, S., Maklad, A. E., AlSarraj, A., Mughaiss, L. N., Al‐Tawfiq, J. A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-887072/v1 · Cited by 1
“Countries were forced to adopt extreme measures such as quarantine or self-isolation of the infected and their close contacts, prevent the public gathering, closing schools and universities, travel bans, closing territorial and international borders and in some cases, forcing complete lockdown of cities [2].”
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SINTOMAS DE ANSIEDADE E DEPRESSÃO EM ADOLESCENTES NO CONTEXTO DA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19
RODRIGUES, J. M. S. (2022) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.58909 · Cited by 2
Dev, S. (2021) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20416628 · Cited by 1
Beach, B., Steptoe, A., & Zaninotto, P. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.22283884 · Cited by 1
“Studies have identified declines in mental health over the course of the pandemic across the world, linked to concerns over infection, the consequences of lockdown and isolation measures, risks related to job insecurity and financial worries, and disruption in day-to-day activities (1-5).”
BackgroundBrooke‐Sumner, C., Rapiya, B., MYERS, B. J., Petersen, I., Hanlon, C., Repper, J., & Asher, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2546391/v1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationA Severe and Chronic Socio-Economic Crisis with no End in Sight, How Much Can Lebanese People Take?Preprint
Saade, S., Parent‐Lamarche, A., & Feghali, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3881182/v1 · Cited by 1
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in Low and Middle Income CountriesPreprint
Aksunger, N., Vernot, C., Littman, R., Voors, M., Meriggi, N. F., Abajobir, A. A., Beber, B., Dai, K., Egger, D., Islam, A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.22278182 · Cited by 1
Ward, T., Alem, A., Jamieson-Craig, T., Deb, K. S., Devi, S. R. L., Fekadu, A., Gumley, A. I., Hanlon, C., Kelly, R. E., Manyazewal, T., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.21.26348779 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMental Health and Planetary Health
Görgü, G., & Gökdemir, Ö. (2023) · Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.36516/jocass.1274159
Müller, F. M., VEYRA, N. F., Warmling, B. B., de Moura, J. S., Machado, J., Grigolo, J. S., da Silva, S. M. F., Costódio, P. F. S., Ehrhardt, A., & Almerindo, G. I. (2021) · doi:10.29327/138535.1-3
Corpo e Mundo: Devaneios existenciais em tempos pandêmicos e de Covid 19
da Silva, F. K. R. (2021) · Geografares · doi:10.47456/geo.v1i32.35539
WHO-mhGAP, MHPSS, IHME, and Other Internet Resources to Address the Global Burden of Mental Health
Kohn, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70134-9_116-1
Jos, P. B., Fenn, M. B., & George, S. (2021) · Global Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Update · doi:10.25259/gjmpbu_7_2021
O IMPACTO DA PANDEMIA POR COVID-19 NA SAÚDE MENTAL, ACESSO E DESENVOLVIMENTO INFANTIL
de Almeida, I. C., Ziani, C. L., Schaefer, C. K., de Oliveira, F. S., & Winter, G. D. F. (2021) · Editora Pasteur eBooks · doi:10.29327/544304.2-31
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MENTAL HEALTH : AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
Moura, L. A., Cavalcante, M. E. M., Cruz, N. B. D. M., Gondim, M. B., Silva, A. B. V. A., Furtado, H. M. A., & Jucá, M. C. P. (2021) · International Journal of Health Science · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1592115109
Metadata
- Authors
- Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luitel, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., Ugo, V., van Rensburg, A. J., Gureje, O., Pathare, S., Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., & Patel, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- George Washington University (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Sangath (IN)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (CH)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kola, Lola
- ORCID
- Kola, Lola
- Kohrt, Brandon A
- Hanlon, Charlotte
- Naslund, John A
- Sikander, Siham
- Balaji, Madhumitha
- Benjet, Corina
- Cheung, Eliza Yee Lai
- Eaton, Julian
- Gonsalves, Pattie
- Hailemariam, Maji
- Luitel, Nagendra P
- Machado, Daiane B
- Misganaw, Eleni
- Omigbodun, Olayinka
- Roberts, Tessa
- Salisbury, Tatiana Taylor
- Shidhaye, Rahul
- Sunkel, Charlene
- Ugo, Victor
- Gureje, Oye
- Pathare, Soumitra
- Saxena, Shekhar
- Thornicroft, Graham
- Patel, Vikram
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 535-550
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9764935
- OpenAlex
- W3129779558
- Cited by
- 835
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 99
- FWCI
- 21.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-05-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5u19mh113211-05)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/T007125/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH120649, U19 MH-113211, R01MH100470, R01MH127767)
- Fogarty International Center (K43TW011046)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, low- and middle-income countries, psychological distress, mental health services, global mental health, universal health coverage, task sharing, digital mental health, coercion in mental health care, child mental health, substance use disorders, psychosocial interventions, mental health system strengthening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Developing Countries, Health Promotion, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Telemedicine, Social Determinants of Health
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