Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Open accessAbstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells in response to food ingestion. Modified GLP-1 and GIP peptides are potent agonists for their incretin receptors, and some evidence shows that the dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide is effective in promoting marked weight loss. GLP-1 receptor agonists signal in the CNS to suppress appetite, increase satiety, and thereby decrease calorie intake, but many other effects of incretin signalling have been recognised that are relevant to the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This Review provides an overview of the literature supporting the notion that endogenous incretins and incretin-receptor agonist treatments are important not only for decreasing risk of developing NAFLD, but also for treating NAFLD and NAFLD-related complications. We discuss incretin signalling and related incretin-receptor agonist treatments, mechanisms in key relevant tissues affecting liver disease, and clinical data from randomised controlled trials. Finally, we present future perspectives in this rapidly developing field of research and clinical medicine.
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GLP-1RAs reduce liver fat accumulation by activating AMPK, which inhibits fatty acid synthesis enzymes and promotes fatty acid β-oxidation, thus diminishing lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes.
“GLP-1RAs reduce liver fat accumulation by activating AMPK, which inhibits fatty acid synthesis enzymes and promotes fatty acid β-oxidation, thus diminishing lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes.508–511”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy (2024) · cites this paper as [511]
The GLP-1 receptor agonist activity section says GLP-1RAs decrease liver fat in people with NAFLD or NASH and describes weight loss and reduced fatty-acid supply to the liver as likely mechanisms. It does not support the attributed AMPK pathway, inhibition of fatty-acid synthesis enzymes, or reduction of hepatocyte lipid droplets through that pathway. The section mentions increased hepatic fatty-acid oxidation under conditions of low insulin and high glucagon, but does not link it to AMPK activation by GLP-1RAs. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy
Zheng, Z., Zong, Y., Ma, Y., Tian, Y., Pang, Y., Zhang, C., & Gao, J. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01931-z · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
“3,507 508 – 511 Additionally, GLP-1 mitigates liver in fl ammation and fi brosis by inhibiting the NF-κ B pathway, reducing the release of pro-in fl ammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and thus suppressing in fl ammatory pathways.”
BackgroundMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review
Chan, W.-K., Chuah, K.-H., Rajaram, R. B., Lim, L.-L., Ratnasingam, J., & Vethakkan, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes23052 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Loomba, R., Abdelmalek, M. F., Armstrong, M. J., Jara, M., Kjær, M. S., Krarup, N., Lawitz, E., Ratziu, V., Sanyal, A. J., Schattenberg, J. M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00068-7 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms
Mullur, N., Morissette, A., Morrow, N. M., & Mulvihill, E. E. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-24-0046 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zafer, M., Tavaglione, F., Romero‐Gómez, M., & Loomba, R. (2025) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.70196 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Camilleri, M., & Lupianez-Merly, C. (2024) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002519 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stefanou, M.-I., Palaiodimou, L., Theodorou, A., Safouris, A., Fischer, U., Kelly, P. J., Dawson, J., Katan, M., Katsanos, A. H., Lambadiari, V., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864241281903 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kong, F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Wu, T., Zhou, Z., Xu, Y., Xia, L., & Sun, T. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67701-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Targher, G., Mantovani, A., & Byrne, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Targher, Giovanni
- Venue
- The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-191
- ISSN
- 2468-1156 (ISSN-L)
- 2468-1253
- OpenAlex
- W4313568657
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 24
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- GLP-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, incretin receptor agonists, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, tirzepatide, hepatoprotection, insulin secretion, appetite suppression, satiety, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Incretins, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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