CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 30Middle East Politics and SocietyInternational Relations and Foreign PolicyMiddle East and Rwanda Conflicts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 295 of the 302 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region

Open access
Darwich, May·2019·Cambridge University Press eBooks
DOI 10.1017/9781108656689
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Examining differing perceptions of threats and the subsequent alliance choices of two Arab states, Saudi Arabia and Syria, during three pivotal wars in the region: the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), the Lebanon War (2006), and the Gaza War (2009), May Darwich analyses how ideational and material forces influence leaders' perceptions in the Middle East, and their broader international relationships. Using these comparative cases studies, Darwich advances our understanding of why, and the conditions under which, identity can play a predominant role in shaping the perception of threat in some cases, whilst material power is predominant in others. By engaging in significant debates about the role identity and material power in shaping state behaviour in the Middle East, this study has significant implications for international relations theory and beyond.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/9781108656689

Cites

295 of 295 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Citations

Cites

Items 201–295 of 295

Flagged first, then by citations

7 of the 302 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 93

  1. Walt, 1987, The Origins of Alliances
  2. Zisser, Eyal . 2009a. ‘Nasrallah’s Defeat in the 2006 War’. Middle East Quarterly, January 2009. www.meforum.org/2054/nasrallahs-defeat-in-the-2006-war.
  3. Wohlforth, 1993, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War, 10.7591/9781501738081 · DOI
  4. Stein, 2013, Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
  5. Waever, 1995, On Security, 46
  6. Taylor, 1982, The Arab Balance of Power
  7. Stanely, 1990, Drawing from the Well: Syria in the Persian Gulf, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 14, 45
  8. Sindi, 1986, King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, 184
  9. Goodarzi, 2013, Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment, Ortadogu Etutleri, 4, 31
  10. Salloukh, 2004, Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, 81
  11. Gause, 1990, Saudi–Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influences
  12. Langton, 2004, The Military Balance 2003/2004
  13. Bilqīz, 2006, Ḥizbullah Min Al-Taḥrīr ’Ilā Al-Rad‘, 1982–2006 [Hizbullah: From Liberation to Deterrence, 1982–2006]
  14. Karmon, 2008, Iran–Syria– Hizbullah–Hamas: A Coalition against Nature: Why Does It Work?, United Army War College, Proteus Monograph, 1
  15. Wehrey, 2009, Saudi Iranian Relations since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation, and Implications for U.S. Policy
  16. Walt, 1996, Revolution and War
  17. Rubin, 2000, Understanding Syrian Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Foreign Minister Faruq Al-Shara’s Explanation, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 4, 14
  18. Hirschfeld, 1986, Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks
  19. Ḥasīb, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: The Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International E, 26
  20. Noble, 2004, Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, 29
  21. Ghadry, 2009, From Hama to Hamas: Syria’s Islamist Policies, InFocus, 3
  22. Laitin, 1986, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Change among the Yoruba
  23. Buzan, 1991, People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security in the Post Cold War Era
  24. Ziadeh, 2019, Syria’s Role in a Changing Middle East: The Syrian-Israeli Peace Talks
  25. Khūrī, 1988, Al-Mashārī‘ Al-Waḥdawiyya Al-‘Arabiyya [Projects of Arab Unity]
  26. Khadduri, 1988, The Gulf War: The Origins and Implication of the Iraq-Iran Conflict
  27. Kabalan, 2010, Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, 29
  28. Zisser, 2004, Syria and the Question of WMD, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 8, 1
  29. Salloukh, 2009, Demystifying Syria
  30. 10.1515/9789048513376 · DOI
  31. Amidror, 2007, The Hizballah-Syria-Iran Triangle, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 11, 1
  32. Barnett, 1996, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics
  33. ’Aḥmad, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘Alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā’iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya 176Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon:Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects]
  34. Hussein, 2012, So History Doesn’t Forget: Alliances in the Foreign Policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1979–1990
  35. Hinnebusch, 2010, Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, 5
  36. Mearsheimer, 2001, The Tragedy of Great Powers Politics
  37. 10.2307/2538030 · DOI
  38. Ajami, 1992, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967
  39. Fürtig, 2002, Iran’s Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars
  40. Chalala, 1988, Syria’s Support of Iran in the Gulf War: The Role of Structural Change and the Emergence of a Relatively Strong State, Journal of Arab Affairs, 7
  41. Barnett, 1992, Alliance Formation, Domestic, Political Economy and Third World Security, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 14, 19
  42. Al-Assad, Bashar . 2006b. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Fourth Conference of the Syrian Journalists’ Union in Damascus on August 15, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/heIxID.
  43. Esposito, 1998, Islam and Politics
  44. Telhami, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East
  45. Hamzeh, 2004, In the Path of Hizbullah
  46. Kedar, 2006, Asad in Search of Legitimacy: Message and Rhetoric in the Syrian Press under Hafiz and Bashar
  47. Feaver, 2000, Correspondence: Brother Can You Spare a Paradigm? (Or Was Anybody Ever a Realist?, International Security, 5
  48. Dawisha, 1990, The Arab State
  49. Gause, 1991, Revolutionary Fevers and Regional Contagion: Domestic Structures and the “Export” of Revolution in the Middle East, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 14, 1
  50. Al-Assad, Bashar . 2006a. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Conference of Arab Lawyers in Damascus January 21, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/AiI29x.
  51. Gause, 2007, Saudi Arabia: Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question, Strategic Insights, 6
  52. Piscatori, 1983, Islam in Foreign Policy, 33
  53. Menshari, 1990, The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, 40
  54. Abir, 1988, Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regimes and Elites – Conflict and Collaboration
  55. Hopf, 2002, Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policy, Moscow, 1955 and 1999
  56. Cashman, 2007, An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq War
  57. Lynch, 1999, State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan Identities
  58. Badeeb, 1993, Saudi-Iranian Relations (1932–1982)
  59. Sadowski, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East
  60. Zisser, 2006, What Does the Future Hold for Syria?, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 10, 1
  61. Al-Dakhīl, 2007, Burūz Al-Dawr Al-Sa’udi Fi ”Iṭār Al-Niẓām Al-‘Arabī Al-Rāhin [The Emergence of the Saudi Role in the Contemporary Arab System, Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Falastinyya, 18, 5
  62. Boserup, 2017, New Conflict Dynamics: Between Regional Autonomy and Intervention in the Middle East and North Africa
  63. 10.2307/20045621 · DOI
  64. Ismail, 2009, Demystifying Syria, 13
  65. Rajab, 2010, Al-Niẓām Al-’Iqlīmī Al-‘Arabī Fī Marḥalat Mā Ba‘d Al-’Iḥtilāl Al-’Amrīkī Lil-‘Irāq [The Arab Regional System Following the American Invasion of Iraq]
  66. Jamus, 2001, Al-Lijan Al-Sha’biyyah Li Musa’adat Mujahidi Filasteen Fi Al-Mamlakah Al-’Arabiyyah Al-Sa’udiyya [Popular Committee for the Mujahdin of Palestine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]
  67. Telhami, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 1
  68. Onuf, 1989, World of Our Own Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations
  69. Mahmoud, 2010, A Battle of Creed: Exploring the Religious Factor in Hizbullah’s 2006 Ground Engagements with Israel
  70. Ibrahim, 2006, The Shi’is of Saudi Arabia
  71. Kienle, 1990, Ba’th versus Ba’th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989
  72. Stern, 2013, The Role of Syria in Israeli-Turkish Relations, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 14
  73. Bowen, 2008, The History of Saudi Arabia
  74. Berti, 2014, Beyond Sectarianism: Geopolitics, Fragmentation, and the Syrian Civil War, Strategic Assessment, 16, 21
  75. Marschall, 1992, Syria-Iran: A Strategic Alliance, 1979–1991, Orient, 33
  76. Norton, 1999, Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics
  77. Long, 1986, The Middle East Peace Plan, 54
  78. Mus‘ad, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: Lebanese and Israeli Implications and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects], 297
  79. Gause, 2002, Iraq’s Decision to Go to War, 1980 and 1990, The Middle East Journal, 56, 47
  80. Mitzen, 2017, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
  81. Al-Labbad, 2005, Ḥadā’iq Al-’Aḥāzān: ’Īrān Wa Wilāyat Al-Faqīh [Gardens of Sorrow: Iran and the Rule of the Leading Jurisprudent]
  82. Norton, 1987, Amal and the Shia: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
  83. Lynch, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 26
  84. Rinnawi, 2006, Instant Nationalism: McArabism, Al-Jazeera and Translational Media in the Arab World
  85. Korany, 2008, The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
  86. Zerden, 2000, Syrian Foreign Policy toward Iran: A Strategic Relationship or Tactical Convergence?, NIMEP Insights, 3, 17
  87. Quandt, 1981, The Iran–Iraq War: Issues of Conflict and Prospects for Settlement (Proceedings of a Seminar), 39
  88. Kostiner, 2005, Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs
  89. Rubin, 2007, The Truth about Syria
  90. Saad-Gorayeb, 2002, Hizbu’llah: Politics and Religion
  91. Altoraifi, Adel . 2012. ‘Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: The Rise and Demise of Saudi-Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009)’. PhD Dissertation. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
  92. Ulrichsen, 2013, The Iran–Iraq War: New International Perspectives
  93. Seale, 1986, The Struggle for Syria: A Study in Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 30

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Darwich, M.
Affiliations
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Darwich, May
ORCID
Darwich, May
Venue
Cambridge University Press eBooks
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Published
2019-09-09
DOI
10.1017/9781108656689
OpenAlex
W4211196689
Cited by
25
References
302
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
FWCI
1.85
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
Keywords
threat perception, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran-Iraq War, Lebanon War, Gaza war, state identity, material power, Arab world, Middle East security, state behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review