The DOI matches its Crossref record; 295 of the 302 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region
Open accessAbstract
Examining differing perceptions of threats and the subsequent alliance choices of two Arab states, Saudi Arabia and Syria, during three pivotal wars in the region: the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), the Lebanon War (2006), and the Gaza War (2009), May Darwich analyses how ideational and material forces influence leaders' perceptions in the Middle East, and their broader international relationships. Using these comparative cases studies, Darwich advances our understanding of why, and the conditions under which, identity can play a predominant role in shaping the perception of threat in some cases, whilst material power is predominant in others. By engaging in significant debates about the role identity and material power in shaping state behaviour in the Middle East, this study has significant implications for international relations theory and beyond.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
(1984) · Cited by 21,166
(2005) · Cited by 9,479
Review: International: Theory of International Politics
Frankel, J., & Waltz, K. N. (1980) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.2307/40201892 · Cited by 8,539
Social Theory of International Politics
Wendt, A. (1999) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511612183 · Cited by 7,664
Security: A New Framework for Analysis
Hampson, F. O., Buzan, B. G., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.2307/40203739 · Cited by 6,519
Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics
Wendt, A. (1992) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300027764 · Cited by 5,885
The Clash of Civilizations?: Originally published in Foreign Affairs 72 (3), 1993
Huntington, S. P. (2000) · Culture and Politics · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-62965-7_6 · Cited by 5,537
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Hedesan, J., & Tendler, J. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912281589 · Cited by 5,450
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
Skocpol, T. (1979) · Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805 · Cited by 5,408
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107
Kuper, L., & Horowitz, D. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069338 · Cited by 4,891
Giddens, A. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003320609-62 · Cited by 4,821
Case study research: principles and practices
Gerring, J. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1530 · Cited by 4,146
Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty
Schmitt, C. (1988) · Cited by 3,615
Perception and Misperception in International Politics
Jervis, R. (2017) · doi:10.1515/9781400885114 · Cited by 3,199
Greenstein, F. I., & Polsby, N. W. (1975) · Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. eBooks · Cited by 2,306
The Culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5942 · Cited by 2,148
National Interests in International Society
Finnemore, M. (1996) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501707384 · Cited by 2,022
Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma
Mitzen, J. (2006) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066106067346 · Cited by 1,850
The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., Levy, J. S., & Jerit, J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001 · Cited by 1,609
Buzan, B. G. (1986) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2620239 · Cited by 1,502
Seizing the Middle Ground:: Constructivism in World Politics
ADLER, E. (1997) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066197003003003 · Cited by 1,446
Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science
Evera, S. V. (2017) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9780801454455 · Cited by 1,371
Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In
Schweller, R. L. (1994) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539149 · Cited by 1,327
Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference
Levy, J. S. (2008) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1080/07388940701860318 · Cited by 1,219
Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security
Kinnvall, C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00396.x · Cited by 1,144
International organization: a state of the art on an art of the state
Kratochwil, F. V., & Ruggie, J. G. (1986) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300027363 · Cited by 1,116
Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power
Walt, S. M. (1985) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2538540 · Cited by 870
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives
O'Donnell, G. A., Schmitter, P. C., & Whitehead, L. (2013) · Cited by 801
Explaining and understanding international relations
Rengger, N. (1991) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2621952 · Cited by 784
The Third World Security Predicament
Ayoob, M. (1995) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685853778 · Cited by 775
Social forces, states, and world orders: beyond international relations theory (1981)
Cox, R. W., & Sinclair, T. J. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607905.007 · Cited by 769
An Approach to Political Philosophy
Tully, J. H. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607882 · Cited by 748
Ontological Security in International Relations
Steele, B. J. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203018200 · Cited by 732
International Relations: One World, Many Theories
Walt, S. M. (1998) · Foreign Policy · doi:10.2307/1149275 · Cited by 657
Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity
Foley, M. (1993) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2621611 · Cited by 616
Over-stating the Arab state: politics and society in the Middle East
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-4152 · Cited by 577
Sil, R., & Katzenstein, P. J. (2010) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592710001179 · Cited by 575
Huysmans, J. (1998) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066198004002004 · Cited by 526
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism.
Southall, A., & Young, C. (1978) · Man · doi:10.2307/2801108 · Cited by 504
Abdelal, R., Herrera, Y. M., Johnston, A. I., & McDermott, R. (2006) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592706060440 · Cited by 501
Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
Khumaynī, R. A., & Algar, H. (2015) · Cited by 487
Tribes and state formation in the Middle East
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1140 · Cited by 469
The State in the Middle East and North Africa
Anderson, L. S. (1987) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.2307/421917 · Cited by 464
Ontological (In)security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan
Zarakol, A. (2010) · International Relations · doi:10.1177/0047117809359040 · Cited by 426
The New Authoritarianism in Latin America
Pike, F. B., & Collier, D. (1981) · Hispanic American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2514298 · Cited by 426
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database
Perry, C. (2011) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/09504121111118852 · Cited by 412
Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics
Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Lobell, S. E. (2016) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899234.001.0001 · Cited by 408
Blyth, M. M. (2003) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592703000471 · Cited by 389
Waterbury, J. (1983) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400857357 · Cited by 372
Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy
Baer, G. W., & Lauren, P. G. (1981) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.2307/203157 · Cited by 368
What Is the Offense-Defense Balance and How Can We Measure It?
Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.22.4.44 · Cited by 340
Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe's Transition to Democracy
Fishman, R. M. (1990) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2010418 · Cited by 336
Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order
Delvoie, L. A., & Barnett, M. (1999) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.2307/40203391 · Cited by 313
Sil, R., & Katzenstein, P. J. (2010) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-01359-0 · Cited by 298
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf
Gause, F. G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818264 · Cited by 285
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-6052 · Cited by 275
Revolution and rebellion in the early modern world
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3441 · Cited by 267
Ontological security and the power of self-identity: British neutrality and the American Civil War
Steele, B. J. (2005) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210505006613 · Cited by 265
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-0509 · Cited by 260
The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future
Brown, L. C., & Nasr, V. (2006) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20032188 · Cited by 252
Historical Sociology of International Relations
Nexon, D. H., Hobden, S., & Hobson, J. M. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/1556525 · Cited by 246
Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73
Barnett, M., & Levy, J. S. (1991) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300033142 · Cited by 245
Security, Identity and Interests
McSweeney, B. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491559 · Cited by 239
All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle Eastern monarchies
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3581 · Cited by 236
Democracy and Arab Political Culture
Quandt, W. B., & Kedourie, E. (1992) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045377 · Cited by 233
Haddad, G. M., & Ajami, F. (1982) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/87.3.829 · Cited by 232
Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: a neoclassical realist model of grand strategy formation
Kitchen, N. (2010) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210509990532 · Cited by 226
Identity and desecuritisation: the pitfalls of conflating ontological and physical security
Rumelili, B. (2013) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/jird.2013.22 · Cited by 225
The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology
Halliday, F. (2005) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790829 · Cited by 223
Risse, T., Engelmann-Martin, D., KNOPE, H. J., & Roscher, K. (1999) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066199005002001 · Cited by 206
Identity, Power, and Threat Perception
Rousseau, D., & García‐Retamero, R. (2007) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002707304813 · Cited by 204
Chubin, S., & Tripp, C. R. H. (1988) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429033049 · Cited by 204
After victory: institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5236 · Cited by 200
Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1162 · Cited by 192
The International Politics of the Middle East
Hinnebusch, R. A. J. (2003) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719053450.001.0001 · Cited by 189
Al‐Rasheed, M. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511492181 · Cited by 189
Job, B. L. (1992) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685858346 · Cited by 184
The struggle for power in Syria: politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-1781 · Cited by 182
Sectarianism as Counter‐Revolution: Saudi Responses to the Arab Spring
Al‐Rasheed, M. (2011) · Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2011.01129.x · Cited by 180
Hamas: politics, charity, and terrorism in the service of jihad
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1765 · Cited by 180
Takeyh, R. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195327847.001.0001 · Cited by 177
Citizenship and the state in the Middle East : approaches and applications
Butenschøn, N. A., Davis, U., Hassassian, M., & statsvitenskap, U. I. O. I. F. (2000) · Cited by 175
Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Dannreuther, R. (2003) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300045 · Cited by 173
Book Review: Middle East: The Struggle for Syria
Bagley, F. R. C., & Seale, P. (1966) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.1177/002070206602100260 · Cited by 166
Ontological dissonance, clashing identities, and Israel's unilateral steps towards the Palestinians
Lupovici, A. (2011) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210511000222 · Cited by 165
Campbell, J. C., & Abd‐Allah, U. F. (1983) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20041801 · Cited by 165
State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East
Owen, R. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203456125 · Cited by 162
The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1820-1980
Anderson, L. S. (1987) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400859023 · Cited by 160
The Arab cold war : Gamal ʾAbd al-Nasir and his rivals, 1958-1970
Kerr, M. H. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 155
Iran and the surrounding world: interactions in culture and cultural politics
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4180 · Cited by 149
The Failure of Jihad in Saudi Arabia
Hegghammer, T. (2010) · doi:10.21236/ada515098 · Cited by 148
International Relations of the Middle East
Fawcett, L. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/hepl/9780198708742.001.0001 · Cited by 146
Hizbullah: politics and religion
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-2438 · Cited by 145
Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory
Barkin, J. S. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511750410 · Cited by 144
From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization
Hurrell, A. (2005) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500131 · Cited by 141
Layne, L. L. (1994) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400820986 · Cited by 137
Abdo, G. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190233143.001.0001 · Cited by 135
The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life
Owen, R. (2012) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674065413 · Cited by 133
Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today
Faksh, M. A. (2006) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592706610475 · Cited by 132
Threat Perception in International Crisis
Cohen, R. (1978) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149052 · Cited by 130
Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order
Ikenberry, G. J., & Legro, J. W. (2005) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20031719 · Cited by 129
Lebanon's Hizbullah: From Islamic revolution to parliamentary accommodation
Hamzeh, A. N. (1993) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436599308420327 · Cited by 126
Realism versus Strategic Culture: Competition and Collaboration?
Glenn, J. G. (2009) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00872.x · Cited by 126
REJECTIONIST ISLAMISM IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE STORY OF JUHAYMAN AL-ʿUTAYBI REVISITED
Hegghammer, T., & Lacroix, S. (2007) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743807002553 · Cited by 124
From Conflict to Cooperation: Desecuritization of Turkey's Relations with Syria and Iran
Aras, B., & Polat, R. K. (2008) · Security Dialogue · doi:10.1177/0967010608096150 · Cited by 122
BALANCING WHAT? THREAT PERCEPTION AND ALLIANCE CHOICE IN THE GULF
GAUSE, F. (2003) · Security Studies · doi:10.1080/09636410490521271 · Cited by 121
Religion and national identity in Saudi Arabia
Nevo, J. (1998) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/00263209808701231 · Cited by 120
Sectarian Politics in the Gulf: From the Iraq War to the Arab Uprisings
Wehrey, F. (2013) · doi:10.7312/wehr16512 · Cited by 119
The New Arab Cold War: rediscovering the Arab dimension of Middle East regional politics
Valbjørn, M., & Bank, A. (2011) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210511000283 · Cited by 117
Filling the Void of Meaning: Identity Construction in U.S. Foreign Policy After September 11, 2001
Nabers, D. (2009) · Foreign Policy Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2009.00089.x · Cited by 117
Theory Synthesis in International Relations: Real Not Metaphysical
Moravcsik, A. M. (2003) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/1521-9488.501019_4 · Cited by 114
Brown, L. C., & Algar, H. (2002) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033330 · Cited by 110
The Islamization of the Palestinian‐Israeli conflict: the case of Hamas
Litvak, M. (1998) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/00263209808701214 · Cited by 107
Syria's peasantry, the descendants of its lesser rural notables, and their politics
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2934 · Cited by 107
Identifying threats and threatening identities: the social construction of realism and liberalism
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5896 · Cited by 106
The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact
Rahnema, S., & Esposito, J. L. (1991) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.2307/40202872 · Cited by 104
Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations
Gause, F. G. (1999) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00139 · Cited by 103
Wivel, A. (2005) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800064 · Cited by 102
Shi'ism, resistance and revolution
Hyman, A. A. (1987) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2619726 · Cited by 101
Rothchild, D. S., & Horowitz, D. L. (1989) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/220036 · Cited by 96
Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria
el-Husseini, R. (2010) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502695 · Cited by 93
Saudi Arabia: power, legitimacy and survival
Legrenzi, M. (2008) · ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) · Cited by 92
Ramazani, R. (1987) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801833779 · Cited by 90
Teti, A. (2007) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066107074291 · Cited by 89
The Foreign Policies of Middle East States
Ehteshami, A., & Rienner, L. (2002) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685857240 · Cited by 89
Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs
Brown, L. C., Aarts, P., & Nonneman, G. (2006) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20032121 · Cited by 86
Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival
Ochsenwald, W. L. (1981) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743800053423 · Cited by 86
Syria and Iran: middle powers in a penetrated regional system
Nonneman, G. (1997) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624532 · Cited by 86
Ethnic conflict and international politics in the Middle East
Binder, L. (1999) · Cited by 84
Terrorism financing and state responses: a comparative perspective
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-0394 · Cited by 84
International society and the Middle East : English school theory at the regional level
Buzan, B. G., & Gonzalez-Pelaez, A. (2009) · Cited by 80
Nau, H. R. (2002) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501729119 · Cited by 80
Fuzzy frontiers of identity: The British case
Cohen, R. A. (1995) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630.1995.9959425 · Cited by 80
Statecraft in the Middle East: oil, historical memory, and popular culture
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2359 · Cited by 78
Saudi Arabia and Iran: soft power rivalry in the Middle East
Dillman, B. (2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-4702 · Cited by 78
Pıpes, D. (1990) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195060218.001.0001 · Cited by 77
The Foundations of Eclecticism
Sil, R. (2000) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/0951692800012003005 · Cited by 76
The Foreign Policies of Middle East States
(2014) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685850715 · Cited by 75
Campbell, J. C., Cole, J. R. I., & Keddie, N. R. (1987) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20043442 · Cited by 75
Iran's rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4264 · Cited by 73
The International Politics of the Persian Gulf
Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203965320 · Cited by 72
Woods, K. M., Palkki, D. D., & Stout, M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139061506 · Cited by 72
International Society and the Middle East
Buzan, B. G., & Gonzalez-Pelaez, A. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230234352 · Cited by 71
The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis
Segal, D. R. (1988) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20043572 · Cited by 69
Area Studies and Social Science: Strategies for Understanding Middle East Politics
Young, C., Tessler, M., Nachtwey, J., & Banda, A. (2000) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/105.3.1051 · Cited by 67
The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status
Darwich, M. (2018) · Insight Turkey · doi:10.25253/99.2018202.08 · Cited by 65
Self-citationInternational Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game
Tachau, F., & Brown, L. C. (1985) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/90.2.466 · Cited by 65
The foreign policies of Arab states : the challenge of globalization
Korany, B., & Dessouki, A. E. H. (2008) · Cited by 64
Marschall, C. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203417928 · Cited by 63
The Case for Combining Material Forces and Ideas in the Study of IR
Sørensen, G. O. (2008) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066107087768 · Cited by 63
Thinking the Unthinkable: A Sovereign Palestinian State
Khalidi, W. (1978) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20039986 · Cited by 62
Hizbullah: the story from within
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5536 · Cited by 62
Choosing sides: alignment and realignment in the Third World
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1755 · Cited by 62
Mufti, M. (2020) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501737282 · Cited by 61
States and sovereignty in the Middle East: myths and realities
Fawcett, L. (2017) · International Affairs · doi:10.1093/ia/iix122 · Cited by 60
Solidifying Constructivism: How Material and Ideational Factors Interact in European Defence
Meyer, C. O., & Strickmann, E. (2010) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02129.x · Cited by 60
Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies and the Relationship with Europe
Nonneman, G. (2005) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 59
Baldwin, D. A. (1971) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200277101500106 · Cited by 59
Arab nationalism in the twentieth century: from triumph to despair
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-1743 · Cited by 59
The Ontological (In)security of Similarity Wahhabism Versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy
Darwich, M. (2016) · Foreign Policy Analysis · doi:10.1093/fpa/orw032 · Cited by 58
Self-citationDaring and caution in Turkish foreign policy: 132
Mufti, M. (1998) · The Middle East Journal · Cited by 57
Saudi Arabia in the 1980's: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil
Campbell, J. C., & Quandt, W. B. (1982) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20041249 · Cited by 56
The Iranian revolution and the Muslim world
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5895 · Cited by 55
Ziadeh, R. (2011) · I.B.Tauris eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755692804 · Cited by 53
Iranian perspectives on the Iran-Iraq war
Rajaee, F. (1997) · Cited by 53
The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East
Roy, O., & Sciences Po. Centre de recherches internationales (CERI) (2008) · HAL · Cited by 53
Haklai, O. (2009) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2008.01823.x · Cited by 52
State-Systems and Revolutionary Challenge: Nasser, Khomeini, and the Middle East
Nahas, M. (1985) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743800029457 · Cited by 52
Armies and State-Building in the Modern Middle East
Cronin, S. (2014) · I.B.Tauris eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755608553 · Cited by 52
Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf: The Interregional Order and US Policy
Fürtig, H. (2007) · The Middle East Journal · doi:10.3751/61.4.13 · Cited by 51
The political ideology of Hamas: a grassroots perspective
Jensen, M. I. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-2241 · Cited by 51
National security in Saudi Arabia: threats, responses, and challenges
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5525 · Cited by 51
A Nuclear Iran: The Reactions of Neighbours
Kaye, D. D., & Wehrey, F. (2007) · Survival · doi:10.1080/00396330701437777 · Cited by 51
Rabil, R. G. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230106871_6 · Cited by 51
Nakash, Y. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841462 · Cited by 51
Brawley, M. R. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811869.003 · Cited by 50
The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation's Odyssey
Brown, L. C., & Ajami, F. (1998) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048841 · Cited by 50
Toward a Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Middle East
Hinnebusch, R. A. J. (2010) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2010.514470 · Cited by 49
Yamani, M. (2008) · Survival · doi:10.1080/00396330801899488 · Cited by 48
Arab Unity Schemes Revisited: Interest, Identity, and Policy in Syria and Egypt
Kienle, E. (1995) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743800061584 · Cited by 48
Iran–Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order
Chubin, S., & Tripp, C. R. H. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315000435 · Cited by 46
Realism, Culture and Grand Strategy: Explaining America's Peculiar Path to World Power
Dueck, C. (2005) · Security Studies · doi:10.1080/09636410500232891 · Cited by 44
Lawson, F. H. (1996) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501731860 · Cited by 44
The Military Balance in the Middle East
Cordesman, A. H. (2004) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 43
The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship
Talhamy, Y. (2009) · The Middle East Journal · doi:10.3751/63.4.12 · Cited by 43
Jordan's inter-Arab relations: the political economy of alliance-making
Robins, P. J. (1995) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2625197 · Cited by 43
Sunayama, S. (2007) · I.B.Tauris eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755609819 · Cited by 43
Egyptian Foreign Policy From Mubarak to Morsi
Shama, N. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315886381 · Cited by 43
We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land: A Plan That Will Work
Carter, J. (2010) · Cited by 42
Ideology and Alliances: British and French External Balancing Decisions in the 1930s
Haas, M. L. (2003) · Security Studies · doi:10.1080/09636410390447626 · Cited by 40
Saudi Arabia and the Path to Political Change
Thompson, M. C. (2014) · I.B.Tauris eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755608447 · Cited by 40
The international politics of the Middle East
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.197597 · Cited by 40
The Hizballah-Iran Connection: Model for Sunni Resistance
Fuller, G. E. (2006) · The Washington Quarterly · doi:10.1162/wash.2006-07.30.1.139 · Cited by 39
Currie, M. G. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203644614 · Cited by 39
Sadat and the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Revisited
Karawan, I. A. (1994) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743800060232 · Cited by 38
Hizballah and Syria: Outgrowing the Proxy Relationship
El-Hokayem, E. (2007) · The Washington Quarterly · doi:10.1162/wash.2007.30.2.35 · Cited by 38
Haas, M. L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199838424.001.0001 · Cited by 38
Safran, N. (1988) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501718557 · Cited by 38
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 302 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 93
- Walt, 1987, The Origins of Alliances
- Zisser, Eyal . 2009a. ‘Nasrallah’s Defeat in the 2006 War’. Middle East Quarterly, January 2009. www.meforum.org/2054/nasrallahs-defeat-in-the-2006-war.
- Wohlforth, 1993, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War, 10.7591/9781501738081 · DOI
- Stein, 2013, Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
- Waever, 1995, On Security, 46
- Taylor, 1982, The Arab Balance of Power
- Stanely, 1990, Drawing from the Well: Syria in the Persian Gulf, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 14, 45
- Sindi, 1986, King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, 184
- Goodarzi, 2013, Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment, Ortadogu Etutleri, 4, 31
- Salloukh, 2004, Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, 81
- Gause, 1990, Saudi–Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influences
- Langton, 2004, The Military Balance 2003/2004
- Bilqīz, 2006, Ḥizbullah Min Al-Taḥrīr ’Ilā Al-Rad‘, 1982–2006 [Hizbullah: From Liberation to Deterrence, 1982–2006]
- Karmon, 2008, Iran–Syria– Hizbullah–Hamas: A Coalition against Nature: Why Does It Work?, United Army War College, Proteus Monograph, 1
- Wehrey, 2009, Saudi Iranian Relations since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation, and Implications for U.S. Policy
- Walt, 1996, Revolution and War
- Rubin, 2000, Understanding Syrian Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Foreign Minister Faruq Al-Shara’s Explanation, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 4, 14
- Hirschfeld, 1986, Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks
- Ḥasīb, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: The Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International E, 26
- Noble, 2004, Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, 29
- Ghadry, 2009, From Hama to Hamas: Syria’s Islamist Policies, InFocus, 3
- Laitin, 1986, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Change among the Yoruba
- Buzan, 1991, People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security in the Post Cold War Era
- Ziadeh, 2019, Syria’s Role in a Changing Middle East: The Syrian-Israeli Peace Talks
- Khūrī, 1988, Al-Mashārī‘ Al-Waḥdawiyya Al-‘Arabiyya [Projects of Arab Unity]
- Khadduri, 1988, The Gulf War: The Origins and Implication of the Iraq-Iran Conflict
- Kabalan, 2010, Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, 29
- Zisser, 2004, Syria and the Question of WMD, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 8, 1
- Salloukh, 2009, Demystifying Syria
- 10.1515/9789048513376 · DOI
- Amidror, 2007, The Hizballah-Syria-Iran Triangle, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 11, 1
- Barnett, 1996, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics
- ’Aḥmad, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘Alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā’iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya 176Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon:Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects]
- Hussein, 2012, So History Doesn’t Forget: Alliances in the Foreign Policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1979–1990
- Hinnebusch, 2010, Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, 5
- Mearsheimer, 2001, The Tragedy of Great Powers Politics
- 10.2307/2538030 · DOI
- Ajami, 1992, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967
- Fürtig, 2002, Iran’s Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars
- Chalala, 1988, Syria’s Support of Iran in the Gulf War: The Role of Structural Change and the Emergence of a Relatively Strong State, Journal of Arab Affairs, 7
- Barnett, 1992, Alliance Formation, Domestic, Political Economy and Third World Security, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 14, 19
- Al-Assad, Bashar . 2006b. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Fourth Conference of the Syrian Journalists’ Union in Damascus on August 15, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/heIxID.
- Esposito, 1998, Islam and Politics
- Telhami, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East
- Hamzeh, 2004, In the Path of Hizbullah
- Kedar, 2006, Asad in Search of Legitimacy: Message and Rhetoric in the Syrian Press under Hafiz and Bashar
- Feaver, 2000, Correspondence: Brother Can You Spare a Paradigm? (Or Was Anybody Ever a Realist?, International Security, 5
- Dawisha, 1990, The Arab State
- Gause, 1991, Revolutionary Fevers and Regional Contagion: Domestic Structures and the “Export” of Revolution in the Middle East, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 14, 1
- Al-Assad, Bashar . 2006a. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Conference of Arab Lawyers in Damascus January 21, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/AiI29x.
- Gause, 2007, Saudi Arabia: Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question, Strategic Insights, 6
- Piscatori, 1983, Islam in Foreign Policy, 33
- Menshari, 1990, The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, 40
- Abir, 1988, Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regimes and Elites – Conflict and Collaboration
- Hopf, 2002, Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policy, Moscow, 1955 and 1999
- Cashman, 2007, An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq War
- Lynch, 1999, State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan Identities
- Badeeb, 1993, Saudi-Iranian Relations (1932–1982)
- Sadowski, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East
- Zisser, 2006, What Does the Future Hold for Syria?, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 10, 1
- Al-Dakhīl, 2007, Burūz Al-Dawr Al-Sa’udi Fi ”Iṭār Al-Niẓām Al-‘Arabī Al-Rāhin [The Emergence of the Saudi Role in the Contemporary Arab System, Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Falastinyya, 18, 5
- Boserup, 2017, New Conflict Dynamics: Between Regional Autonomy and Intervention in the Middle East and North Africa
- 10.2307/20045621 · DOI
- Ismail, 2009, Demystifying Syria, 13
- Rajab, 2010, Al-Niẓām Al-’Iqlīmī Al-‘Arabī Fī Marḥalat Mā Ba‘d Al-’Iḥtilāl Al-’Amrīkī Lil-‘Irāq [The Arab Regional System Following the American Invasion of Iraq]
- Jamus, 2001, Al-Lijan Al-Sha’biyyah Li Musa’adat Mujahidi Filasteen Fi Al-Mamlakah Al-’Arabiyyah Al-Sa’udiyya [Popular Committee for the Mujahdin of Palestine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]
- Telhami, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 1
- Onuf, 1989, World of Our Own Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations
- Mahmoud, 2010, A Battle of Creed: Exploring the Religious Factor in Hizbullah’s 2006 Ground Engagements with Israel
- Ibrahim, 2006, The Shi’is of Saudi Arabia
- Kienle, 1990, Ba’th versus Ba’th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989
- Stern, 2013, The Role of Syria in Israeli-Turkish Relations, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 14
- Bowen, 2008, The History of Saudi Arabia
- Berti, 2014, Beyond Sectarianism: Geopolitics, Fragmentation, and the Syrian Civil War, Strategic Assessment, 16, 21
- Marschall, 1992, Syria-Iran: A Strategic Alliance, 1979–1991, Orient, 33
- Norton, 1999, Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics
- Long, 1986, The Middle East Peace Plan, 54
- Mus‘ad, 2006, Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: Lebanese and Israeli Implications and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects], 297
- Gause, 2002, Iraq’s Decision to Go to War, 1980 and 1990, The Middle East Journal, 56, 47
- Mitzen, 2017, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
- Al-Labbad, 2005, Ḥadā’iq Al-’Aḥāzān: ’Īrān Wa Wilāyat Al-Faqīh [Gardens of Sorrow: Iran and the Rule of the Leading Jurisprudent]
- Norton, 1987, Amal and the Shia: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
- Lynch, 2002, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 26
- Rinnawi, 2006, Instant Nationalism: McArabism, Al-Jazeera and Translational Media in the Arab World
- Korany, 2008, The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
- Zerden, 2000, Syrian Foreign Policy toward Iran: A Strategic Relationship or Tactical Convergence?, NIMEP Insights, 3, 17
- Quandt, 1981, The Iran–Iraq War: Issues of Conflict and Prospects for Settlement (Proceedings of a Seminar), 39
- Kostiner, 2005, Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs
- Rubin, 2007, The Truth about Syria
- Saad-Gorayeb, 2002, Hizbu’llah: Politics and Religion
- Altoraifi, Adel . 2012. ‘Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: The Rise and Demise of Saudi-Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009)’. PhD Dissertation. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
- Ulrichsen, 2013, The Iran–Iraq War: New International Perspectives
- Seale, 1986, The Struggle for Syria: A Study in Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International Relations in the Middle East
Stein, E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316855522 · Cited by 46
Del Sarto, R. A., & Soler i Lecha, E. (2024) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2023.2268542 · Cited by 28
“Echoing Rubin (2014), Darwich (2019) has shown that in the cases of Saudi Arabia and Syria, ideational factors are at least as important as material factors in a regime’s definition of threats.”
BackgroundErtem, H. S., & Düzgün, A. N. (2021) · Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi · doi:10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.905751 · Cited by 15
Changing regional geopolitics and the foundations of a rapprochement between Arab Gulf and Israel
Quamar, M. M. (2020) · Global Affairs · doi:10.1080/23340460.2020.1865110 · Cited by 10
Walsh, T. (2023) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.13204 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Darwich, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Darwich, May
- ORCID
- Darwich, May
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2019-09-09
- OpenAlex
- W4211196689
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 302
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
- Keywords
- threat perception, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran-Iraq War, Lebanon War, Gaza war, state identity, material power, Arab world, Middle East security, state behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review