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Trade Rules for Industry 4.0: Why the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement Matters Even More
Open accessAbstract
The convergence of AI, robotics, 3D printing, blockchain and the Internet of Things into digitally connected networks of production, communication and consumption is driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Recent notifications of draft regulations to the TBT Committee show that Industry 4.0-related regulations are increasing in number and variety. There is a risk that the interconnectivity and interoperability required by Industry 4.0 could be hampered by discriminatory or unnecessarily divergent standards and regulations. This chapter discusses how the existing principles and disciplines in the TBT Agreement as well as practices and guidance developed by the WTO TBT Committee could help avoid unnecessary regulatory diversity and reduce trade costs. It argues that the TBT Agreement, by promoting global regulatory coherence (harmonization via international standardization) and global regulatory cooperation and convergence (via Good Regulatory Practices, Equivalence, Mutual Recognition), will assume even greater importance as standards and regulations are developed for Industry 4.0.
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The scale of the digital economy accounts for about 4.5-15.5% of global GDP.
“The UN official report indicates that the scale of the digital economy accounts for about 4.5-15.5% of the global GDP.”
From China’s Digital Silk Road in the Age of the Digital Economy: Political Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
The section 'Why the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement Matters Even More' (> 5 and > 14) gives figures for e-commerce transactions and services trade, but not the digital economy's share of global GDP. Searches for 4.5–15.5% and for that share of GDP found no passage stating the claimed range. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Towards an effective transnational regulation of AI
Gervais, D. J. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01310-0 · Cited by 28
“…choice of forum (UN v WTO) changes what (trade-related at the WTO vs broader rules at the UN) is discussed, how it is discusse1d (the WTO has a less public process), and who is there to discuss (WTO Members self-evidently send mostly trade experts to negotiate there) (Howse 2002, at 98; Lim 2021).”
China’s Digital Silk Road in the Age of the Digital Economy: Political Analysis
Cheng, G. (2022) · Vestnik RUDN International Relations · doi:10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-2-271-287 · Cited by 20
“…der2019_en.pdf (accessed: 16.04.2022). interests, some countries have adopted policies on digital product trade tariffs, digital product trade data flow, personal data flow policies, restrictions on FDI and export controls, etc. in the name of protecting national security (Lim, 2021, pp. 109—111).”
BackgroundInfluentialArtificial Intelligence and International Trade Law
Rabajante, M. D. F. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in law · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73334-5_3 · Cited by 1
The Emergence of Digital Trade Regulation
Kalin, R. P. (2024) · European yearbook of international economic law · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73857-9_3
Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Society 5.0: Canada Case Study
Mseer, I., & Samhan, A. A. A. (2025) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87550-2_89
Metadata
- Authors
- Lim, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lim, Aik Hoe
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2021-10-31
- Pages
- 97-120
- OpenAlex
- W3203718128
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Trade Organization Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- Industry 4.0, regulatory harmonization, international standardization, regulatory convergence, good regulatory practice, mutual recognition, regulatory equivalence, trade costs, interoperability, AI regulation, trade rules
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