The DOI matches its Crossref record; 213 of the 243 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 28 are not checked yet.
China's Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March
Abstract
In this 2003 study of China's militarism, Andrew Scobell examines the use of military force abroad - as in Korea (1950), Vietnam (1979), and the Taiwan Strait (1995–6) - and domestically, as during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and in the 1989 military crackdown in Tiananmen Square. Debunking the view that China has become increasingly belligerent in recent years because of the growing influence of soldiers, Scobell concludes that China's strategic culture has remained unchanged for decades. Nevertheless, the author uncovers the existence of a 'Cult of Defense' in Chinese strategic culture. The author warns that this 'Cult of Defense' disposes Chinese leaders to rationalize all military deployment as defensive, while changes in the People's Liberation Army's doctrine and capabilities over the past two decades suggest that China's twenty-first century leaders may use military force more readily than their predecessors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Not only were they not allowed to participate in the Cultural Revolution, but the guard companies were used extensively to restore order throughout Xinjiang.”
From The Chinese Legionaries at the Western Frontier: The Military Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 1960-1975 (2012) · cites this paper as Scobell 2003, 94-116
Citations
Cites
The Theory of Social and Economic Organization.
Salomon-Delatour, G., Weber, M., Henderson, A. M., & Parsons, T. (1948) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2086579 · Cited by 11,302
Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States.
Tullock, G., & Hirschman, A. O. H. (1970) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.2307/2325604 · Cited by 11,199
Political Order in Changing Societies
Huntington, S. P. (1970) · Verfassung in Recht und Übersee · doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1970-2-257 · Cited by 7,024
The Clash of Civilizations?: Originally published in Foreign Affairs 72 (3), 1993
Huntington, S. P. (2000) · Culture and Politics · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-62965-7_6 · Cited by 5,537
Bureaucracy: what government agencies do and why they do it
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4796 · Cited by 3,776
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963) · Cited by 2,647
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis
Long, D. F., & Allison, G. T. (1972) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1888485 · Cited by 1,754
The Soldier and the State. The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations.
Martineau, D. L., & Huntington, S. P. (1957) · Military Affairs · doi:10.2307/1984529 · Cited by 1,224
Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II
Shils, E. A., & Janowitz, M. (1948) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/265951 · Cited by 946
Lieberthal, K. G., & Oksenberg, M. C. (1988) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691221724 · Cited by 896
The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany between the World Wars
Pierre, A. J., & Posen, B. R. (1985) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20042486 · Cited by 871
Spence, J. D. (1990) · Cited by 692
Thinking about Strategic Culture
Johnston, A. I. (1995) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539119 · Cited by 670
Stepan, A. (1988) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691219639 · Cited by 600
Dreyer, E. L., & Johnston, A. I. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2650379 · Cited by 527
Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone
Gamarra, E. A., & Stepan, A. (1988) · Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs · doi:10.2307/166065 · Cited by 494
Johnston, A. I. (1995) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691213149 · Cited by 460
The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War
Evera, S. V. (1984) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2538636 · Cited by 454
The limits of coercive diplomacy
George, A. L., Hall, D., & Simons, W. E. (1971) · Little, Brown eBooks · Cited by 442
Imagining war: French and British military doctrine between the wars
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-2927 · Cited by 385
China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia
Christensen, T. J. (1999) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.23.4.49 · Cited by 358
Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and Kwangtung
Newell, W. H., & Freedman, M. (1967) · Man · doi:10.2307/2799546 · Cited by 336
Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981
Smith, G., & Brzeziński, Z. (1983) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20041668 · Cited by 307
The Operational Code of the Politburo
Morris, R. E., & Leites, N. (1951) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3706656 · Cited by 299
Cohen, E. A. (1996) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20047487 · Cited by 288
Lewis, J. W., & Litai, X. (1988) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503621473 · Cited by 285
Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich.
Stein, G. H., & Bartov, O. (1992) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2165605 · Cited by 276
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution
Hinton, H. C., & MacFarquhar, R. (1984) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1866532 · Cited by 271
The Military in Politics. Changing Patterns in Brazil
Stephan, A. (1972) · Verfassung in Recht und Übersee · doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1972-3-352 · Cited by 266
A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does Political Culture Explain?
Elkins, D. J., & Simeon, R. E. B. (1979) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.2307/421752 · Cited by 257
God's Chinese son: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5865 · Cited by 253
The Concept of Man in Early China
Munro, D. (2001) · doi:10.3998/mpub.19878 · Cited by 252
The Coming Conflict with China
Bernstein, R. J., & Munro, R. H. (1997) · Cited by 251
Chen, J. (2001) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 251
The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, by Morris Janowitz
Etzioni, A. (1960) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2145838 · Cited by 250
Sanctioned violence in early China
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0454 · Cited by 250
Posing Problems Without Catching Up: China's Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy
Christensen, T. J. (2001) · International Security · doi:10.1162/01622880151091880 · Cited by 246
The Coming Conflict with America
Bernstein, R. J., & Munro, R. H. (1997) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20047934 · Cited by 231
Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security
Roy, D. (1994) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539151 · Cited by 229
The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China
Cohen, E. A., Sawyer, R. D., & Chün, M. (1993) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045838 · Cited by 225
Kierman, F. A., & Waldron, A. (1991) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/96.5.1593 · Cited by 219
The masks of war: American military styles in strategy and analysis
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1719 · Cited by 216
The dynamics of Chinese politics
Pye, L. W. (1981) · Cited by 207
Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas
Berkowitz, B. D., & Richelson, J. T. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim250060241 · Cited by 206
Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984
Snyder, J. (1984) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2538637 · Cited by 204
The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China
Pepper, S., & Selden, M. (1973) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.2307/202705 · Cited by 200
Baum, R. D. (1994) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691186399 · Cited by 198
Cumings, B. (1999) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822397465 · Cited by 195
Stueck, W. W. (1997) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt7s1ss · Cited by 192
Schram, S. R. (1989) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521454 · Cited by 189
Leadership, Legitimacy and Conflict in China
Teiwes, F. C. (1984) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17423-2 · Cited by 181
Alagappa, M. (1998) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804765121 · Cited by 178
Burying Mao: Chinese politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping
Goodman, D. S. G. (1995) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624954 · Cited by 177
Strand, D. (1989) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520913875 · Cited by 175
Whitson, W. W., & Huang, C.-H. (1973) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-01980-9 · Cited by 174
Fairbank, J. Κ. (1948) · Cited by 172
The 1995–96 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility, and the Use of Force
Ross, R. S. (2000) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228800560462 · Cited by 171
Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy After Deng
Whiting, A. S. (1995) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000034950 · Cited by 171
The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China's Search for Security
Zagoria, D. S., Nathan, A. J., & Ross, R. S. (1997) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048173 · Cited by 169
Goncharov, S. N., Lewis, J. W., & Litai, X. (1993) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503622111 · Cited by 161
Military Professionalization and Political Power.
Lewis, A., & Abrahamsson, B. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064195 · Cited by 160
The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems
Perlmutter, A., & LeoGrande, W. M. (1982) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055400189609 · Cited by 159
The Police and Political Development in Europe
Bayley, D. H. (1975) · Cited by 158
Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations.
Kourvetaris, G. A., & Janowitz, M. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064703 · Cited by 152
China debates the future security environment /
Pillsbury, M., & National Defense University Press. (2000) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 148
Gertz, B. (2000) · Cited by 147
Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization
Skocpol, T. R. (1988) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2010360 · Cited by 146
Creeping Assertiveness: China, the Philippines and the South China Sea Dispute
Storey, I. J. (1999) · Contemporary Southeast Asia · doi:10.1355/cs21_1e · Cited by 139
Chinese Intellectuals′ Quest for National Greatness and Nationalistic Writing in the 1990s
Zhao, S. (1997) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000047536 · Cited by 137
China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests
Garver, J. W. (1992) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045513 · Cited by 130
The Collapse of the Soviet Military
Cohen, E. A., & Odom, W. E. (1998) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049151 · Cited by 128
Party vs. State in Post-1949 China
Zheng, S. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571626 · Cited by 126
Cultural Realism and Strategy in Maoist China
Johnston, A. I., & Katzenstein, P. J. (1996) · Cited by 115
Rural Violence in Socialist China
Perry, E. J. (1985) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000030691 · Cited by 113
China's New "Old Thinking": The Concept of Limited Deterrence
Johnston, A. I. (1995) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539138 · Cited by 113
Lampton, D. M. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520928978 · Cited by 108
China's Ballistic Missile Programs: Technologies, Strategies, Goals
Lewis, J. W., & Di, H. (1992) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539167 · Cited by 107
The Military and Politics in Modern Times.
Beaumont, R. A., & Perlmutter, A. (1978) · Military Affairs · doi:10.2307/1986641 · Cited by 107
The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion
Stepan, A. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199242702.003.0002 · Cited by 107
Brother Enemy: The War after the War
Chanda, N. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim170230069 · Cited by 106
Why China Cannot Conquer Taiwan
O’Hanlon, M. E. (2000) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228800560453 · Cited by 105
China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1839-1895
Rawlinson, J. L. (1967) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674863668 · Cited by 102
China Debates the Future Security Environment
Pillsbury, M. (2000) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada421925 · Cited by 101
Sowing the seeds of democracy in China: political reform in the Deng Xiaoping era
Goodman, D. S. G. (1995) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624095 · Cited by 96
The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study
Zagoria, D. S., & Lee, H. Y. (1978) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20040099 · Cited by 95
The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China
Scobell, A. C. (1990) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000018890 · Cited by 93
Self-citationChina's Decision to Enter the Korean War: History Revisted
Hao, Y., & Zhihai, Z. (1990) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000013527 · Cited by 90
China's Use of Force, 1950–96, and Taiwan
Whiting, A. S. (2001) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228801753191150 · Cited by 90
Value Orientations in Military Academies: A Thirteen Country Study
Soeters, J. L. (1997) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x9702400101 · Cited by 90
Morris, S. J. (1999) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503616745 · Cited by 85
Christensen, T. J. (1997) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691213323 · Cited by 85
China's Militarized Interstate Dispute Behaviour 1949–1992: A First Cut at the Data
Johnston, A. I. (1998) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000002964 · Cited by 82
China's Military Views the World: Ambivalent Security
Shambaugh, D. (2000) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228899560239 · Cited by 81
China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition, by June Teufel Dreyer
Bachman, D. (1993) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2152426 · Cited by 81
Strategic Culture in the Asia-Pacific Region
Ball, D. J. (1993) · Security Studies · doi:10.1080/09636419309347538 · Cited by 78
Dirlik, A., & Hunt, M. H. (1997) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/102.4.1207 · Cited by 73
Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
Ansley, C. (1988) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2760469 · Cited by 73
Goons, Gunmen, and Gendarmerie: Toward A Reconceptualization of Paramilitary Formations
Scobell, A. C., & Hammitt, B. (1998) · Journal of Political & Military Sociology · Cited by 72
Self-citationQuelling the people: the military suppression of the Beijing democracy movement
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-3468 · Cited by 72
Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-Hsiang
Fairbank, J. Κ., & Sheridan, J. E. (1967) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/72.4.1460 · Cited by 71
Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich
Bartov, O. (1991) · The Journal of Modern History · doi:10.1086/244258 · Cited by 69
The Tyranny of History: The Roots of China’s Crisis
Forges, R. V. D. (1994) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2760425 · Cited by 69
Frolic, B. M. (1980) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674037397 · Cited by 67
Show of Force: Chinese Soldiers, Statesmen, and the 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis
Scobell, A. C. (2000) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2657901 · Cited by 65
Self-citationThreats, Assurances, and the Last Chance for Peace: The Lessons of Mao's Korean War Telegrams
Christensen, T. J. (1992) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539160 · Cited by 65
Snow, E. (1972) · Cited by 65
Shambaugh, D. (1991) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691227764 · Cited by 64
Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan's Democratization
Garver, J. W. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim240090046 · Cited by 64
Lord, C. (1985) · Comparative Strategy · doi:10.1080/01495938508402693 · Cited by 63
Lieberthal, K. G. (1995) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20047378 · Cited by 63
Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War
Marlay, R. (2000) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2672060 · Cited by 62
The dynamics of foreign-policy decisionmaking in China
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-0547 · Cited by 62
Beijing's Defense Establishment: Solving the Arms-Export Enigma
Lewis, J. W., Di, H., & Litai, X. (1991) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539012 · Cited by 61
Nathan, A. J., Shi, T., & Ho, H. V. S. (1997) · Cited by 61
A Decade of Sino-American Relations
Oksenberg, M. C. (1982) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20041357 · Cited by 60
Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: The Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge
Pye, L. W. (1990) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2644711 · Cited by 59
3. China: Security Practice of a Modernizing and Ascending Power
Xinbo, W. (1998) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804765121-006 · Cited by 59
In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era
Walker, M., & Christopher, W. M. (1998) · Foreign Policy · doi:10.2307/1149043 · Cited by 59
China's Vietnam War and its Consequences
Tretiak, D. (1979) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000046038 · Cited by 57
The Peiyang Army, Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Origins of Modern Chinese Warlordism
MacKinnon, S. R. (1973) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2052681 · Cited by 57
Jones, D. R. H. (1990) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20574-5_3 · Cited by 56
The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-First Century
Marolda, E. J., & Cole, B. D. (2002) · The Journal of Military History · doi:10.2307/3093157 · Cited by 55
Thurston, A. F. (1987) · Cited by 55
China's Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force Modernization in the Nuclear Age
Gurtov, M., & Hwang, B.-M. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim240090117 · Cited by 55
China’s Struggle for Naval Development, 1839-1895
Evans, B. L. (1967) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2754470 · Cited by 53
The Wuhan Incident: Local Strife and Provincial Rebellion during the Cultural Revolution
Robinson, T. W. (1971) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000006172 · Cited by 51
Beijing and the Korean Crisis, June 1950-June 1951
Hunt, M. H. (1992) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2152440 · Cited by 51
China's "Punitive" War on Vietnam: A Military Assessment
Jencks, H. W. (1979) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2643723 · Cited by 51
China Under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy
Gurtov, M., & Hwang, B.-M. (1980) · Cited by 51
Patterns in China's Use of Force: Evidence from History and Doctrinal Writings
Burles, M., & Shulsky, A. Ν. (2000) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 50
Voices from the whirlwind: an oral history of the Chinese cultural revolution
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-5258 · Cited by 48
The Warlord: Twentieth-Century Chinese Understandings of Violence, Militarism, and Imperialism
Waldron, A. N. (1991) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/96.4.1073 · Cited by 47
Lee, W. H., & Zia, H. (2001) · Cited by 47
Chinese intelligence operations
Eftimiades, N. (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-1763 · Cited by 47
The Role of the Military in the Formation of Revolutionary Committees 1967–68
Domes, J. (1970) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000042843 · Cited by 46
Quarterly Chronicle and Documentation
(2011) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s030574101100097x · Cited by 46
The tragedy of Lin Biao: riding the tiger during the Cultural Revolution
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3461 · Cited by 45
A great wall: six presidents and China: an investigative history
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-4102 · Cited by 45
The One China Principle and the Taiwan Issue
Taiwan Affairs Office & Information Office of the State Council (2003) · Chinese Journal of International Law · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000498 · Cited by 45
China's military: Real or paper tiger?
Shambaugh, D. (1996) · The Washington Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01636609609550195 · Cited by 44
Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior: Assessment from a Perspective of Conflict Management
Chan, S. (1978) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2009872 · Cited by 42
Chinese Military Strategy Revised: Local and Limited War
Godwin, P. H. B. (1992) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716292519001014 · Cited by 41
The PLA and China′s Threat Perceptions
Whiting, A. S. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045161 · Cited by 39
China's Military in Transition: Politics, Professionalism, Procurement and Power Projection
Shambaugh, D. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045033 · Cited by 39
From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Towards 2000
Godwin, P. H. B. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045112 · Cited by 37
Mao’s People. Sixteen Portraits of Life in Revolutionary China
White, G. (1981) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2757721 · Cited by 37
Qiu, J. (1999) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804764247 · Cited by 36
Oliver, R. T. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim150110069 · Cited by 36
Schneider, L. A. (1980) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520316270 · Cited by 35
China's Governance: Political Reform in a Turbulent Environment
Burns, J. P. (1989) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000022918 · Cited by 35
Lewis, J. W., & Litai, X. (1995) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503622319 · Cited by 35
Gurtov, M., & Hwang, B.-M. (1998) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685858254 · Cited by 35
The government and politics of the PRC : a time of transition
Domes, J. (1985) · Cited by 35
China's National Security Research Bureaucracy
Shambaugh, D. (1987) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000019913 · Cited by 33
The PLA′s Evolving Warfighting Doctrine, Strategy and Tactics, 1985–1995: A Chinese Perspecti
Li, N. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045100 · Cited by 33
PLA Allegiance on Parade: Civil-Military Relations in Transition
Paltiel, J. (1995) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000015046 · Cited by 33
Politics, Professionalism, and Peacekeeping: An Analysis of the 1987 Military Coup in Fiji
Scobell, A. C. (1994) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.2307/422267 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMatray, J. I., & Löwe, P. (1989) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/94.2.504 · Cited by 33
Why Communist Armies Defend Their Parties
Segal, G. R., & Phipps, J. (1990) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2644783 · Cited by 33
Does China Threaten Asia-Pacific Regional Stability?
Eikenberry, K. W. (1995) · The US Army War College Quarterly Parameters · doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1740 · Cited by 33
“People's War under Modern Conditions”: A Doctrine for Modern War
Joffe, E. (1987) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000027119 · Cited by 31
Godwin, P. H. B. (1987) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000027120 · Cited by 30
Aspects of Beijing's Crisis Management: The Tiananmen Square Demonstration
Liu, A. P. L. (1990) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2644842 · Cited by 30
Ji, Y. (1999) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 30
Eavesdropping on the Chinese military: Where it expects war—Where it doesn't
Munro, R. H. (1994) · Orbis · doi:10.1016/0030-4387(94)90002-7 · Cited by 29
Esherick, J. W. (1997) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2659623 · Cited by 29
China's Nuclear Weapons Strategy: Tradition within Evolution
Lewis, J. W., & Di, H. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim240090118 · Cited by 28
The Chinese cultural style of warfare
Boylan, E. S. (1982) · Comparative Strategy · doi:10.1080/01495938208402647 · Cited by 27
The Domestic Context of Chinese Foreign Policy: Does "Public Opinion'' Matter?
Rosen, S. H., & Fewsmith, J. (2002) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804764490-010 · Cited by 27
Reaching across the Taiwan Strait: people-to-people diplomacy
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3442 · Cited by 27
From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981
Jencks, H. W. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429048920 · Cited by 27
Deng Xiaoping: chronicle of an empire
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-2883 · Cited by 27
Making sense of war games in the Taiwan Strait
Ji, Y. (1997) · Journal of Contemporary China · doi:10.1080/10670569708724279 · Cited by 26
Why the People's Army Fired on the People: The Chinese Military and Tiananmen
Scobell, A. C. (1992) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x9201800203 · Cited by 26
Self-citationCompeting "Policy Packages" in Post-Mao China
Hamrin, C. L. (1984) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2644410 · Cited by 26
The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict: Power Play among Communist Neighbors
Hùng, N. M. (1979) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2643953 · Cited by 26
Powell, R. L. (1968) · Asian Survey · doi:10.2307/2642200 · Cited by 26
Spatial Order and Police in Imperial Beijing
Dray-Novey, A. (1993) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2059343 · Cited by 25
Training Tomorrow′s PLA: A Mixed Bag of Tricks
Blasko, D. J., Klapakis, P. T., & Corbett, J. F. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000045124 · Cited by 25
Chinese Decision-Making Regarding Taiwan, 1979-2000
Swaine, M. D. (2002) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804764490-013 · Cited by 25
Lin, C.-P. (1992) · Security Studies · doi:10.1080/09636419209347489 · Cited by 24
Sheng, M. M. (1998) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691223292 · Cited by 24
Nelsen, H. W. (1972) · Cited by 24
China's Security: The New Roles of the Military
Dellios, R. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim240090115 · Cited by 24
13. Models of Historical Change: The Chinese State and Society, 1839–1989
Wakeman/Wakeman (2009) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520943513-016 · Cited by 24
8 "How May the World Be at Peace?": Idealism as Realism in Chinese Strategic Culture
Dellios, R. (1997) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780585121086-009 · Cited by 23
MacFarquhar, R. (1997) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192149978.003.0021 · Cited by 23
Military Status in Chinese Society
Fried, M. H. (1952) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/220970 · Cited by 23
Strategy and National Psychology in China
Boorman, H. L., & Boorman, S. A. (1967) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271626737000118 · Cited by 23
Introduction: Chinese Political Culture Revisited
Perry, E. J. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429494826-1 · Cited by 23
The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years
Mastny, V. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim150100174 · Cited by 23
Cracks in the Wall: China's Eroding Coercive State
Tanner, M. S. (2001) · Current History · doi:10.1525/curh.2001.100.647.243 · Cited by 22
Change and Continuity in Chinese Military Doctrine: 1949–1999
Ryan, M. A., Finkelstein, D. M., & McDevitt, M. A. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315539393-7 · Cited by 22
Welcome to the revolution … in Chinese military affairs
Arquilla, J., & Karmel, S. M. (1997) · Defense Analysis · doi:10.1080/07430179708405736 · Cited by 21
The Military Balance in the Taiwan Straits
Lin, C.-P. (1996) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s030574100004515x · Cited by 21
Civil—Military relations in the people's republic of China
Dreyer, J. T. (1985) · Comparative Strategy · doi:10.1080/01495938508402680 · Cited by 21
Communist vs. Communist in Southeast Asia
Pike, D. (1979) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2626782 · Cited by 21
The Pla And Chinese Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Segal, G. R. (1981) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2619579 · Cited by 21
Cheung, T. M. (2002) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804764490-007 · Cited by 21
The Role of Zhou Enlai in the Cultural Revolution: A Contradictory Image from Diverse Sources
Song, Y. (2001) · Issues & Studies · Cited by 21
Research works printed but not linked: 257
- Zhao Suisheng, ed., Across the Taiwan Strait: Mainland China, Taiwan, and the 1995–1996 Crisis, New York: Routledge, 1999
- Zheng Wenmu, “21 Shiji Zhongguo guoji zhengzhi jiao dian” [The main points of China's international political situation in the 21st century], in Shi Bike, ed., Zhongguo daqushi [Megatrends China], Beijing: Hualing Chubanshe 1996, pp. 28–34
- Whiting, Allen S., The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1975
- Yu Bin, “What China Learned from Its ‘Forgotten War’ in Korea,” in Xiaobing Li, Allen R. Millett, and Bin Yu, eds. and trans., Mao's Generals Remember Korea, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001, pp. 2–29
- Yang, Andrew Nien-Dzu, “Crisis, What Crisis?: Lessons of the 1996 Tension and the ROC View of Security in the Taiwan Strait,” in Jonathan D. Pollack and Richard H. Yang, eds., In China's Shadow: Regional Perspectives on Chinese Foreign Policy and Military Development, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998, pp. 143–53
- Xu Yan, Diyici jiaoliang: kangMei yuanChao de lishi huiyi yu fansi [The first trial: A historical retrospective and review of the resist America and aid Korea war], n.p.: Zhongguo Guangbo Dianshi Chubanshe, 1990
- Zhang, Shu Guang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese–American Confrontations, 1948–1958, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992
- Zhu, Fang, Gun Barrel Politics: Party–Army Relations in Mao's China, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998
- Guangkai, January 2000, Zhongguo de guofang zhengce” [China's national defense policy], Guoji zhanlue yanjiu, 55, 1
- White, Lynn T., III, The Policies of Chaos: The Organizational Causes of Violence in China's Cultural Revolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989
- Xi, 1989, Peng Dehuai shouming shuaiyuan kangMei yuanChao de qianqian houhou” [The complete story of Peng Dehuai's appointment to lead the resist America, aid Korea War], Zhonggong dangshi ziliao, 31, 111
- Xu, October 1980, KangMei yuanChao de yingming juece” [The wise policy decision to resist America and aid Korea], Dangshi yanjiu, 5, 5
- Yue Daiyun, and Carolyn Wakeman, To The Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985
- Youzhi, 1995, Gudai Zhong-Xi junshi chuantong zhi bijiao” [Comparison of Chinese and Western ancient military traditions], ZGJSKX, 3, 93
- Shizhong, February 1996, China Threat Theory May Be Forgotten, Quishi, 3
- Zhonggong Zhongyang Wenyi Yanjiushi, compiler, Zhou Enlai nianpu [Chronology of Zhou Enlai], Vol. 3: 1966–1976, Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1997
- Zheng Qinsheng, “Military Conflicts in the New Era,” in Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future War, pp. 399–407
- Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Michael Brecher, and Sheila Moser, Crises in the Twentieth Century, Vol. 2: Handbook of Foreign Policy Crises, New York: Pergamon, 1988
- “White Paper on China's National Defense,” Xinhua Domestic Service, July 27 1998, in FBIS-CHI, July 29, 1998
- Waldron, Arthur, The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990
- Waldron, October 1995, Deterring China, Commentary, 100, 17
- Whiting, Allen S., China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968
- Sutton, Donald S., Provincial Militarism and the Chinese Republic: The Yunnan Army, 1905–25, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1980
- Tyler, As China Threatens Taiwan, It Makes Sure the U.S. Listens, New York Times, 24
- Chen-wu, March 14, 1996, Hawks Dominate China's Policy toward Taiwan, Hsin Pao, 11
- 10.1163/187656192x00078 · DOI
- Van Ness, Peter, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy: Peking's Support for Wars of National Liberation, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1971
- Zhiping, 1995, Zhong-Xi gudai junshi lilun de zhexue jichu” [Philosophical foundation of Chinese and Western military theories in ancient times], ZGJSKX, 4, 30
- Wang Shaoguang, Failure of Charisma: The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995
- Wang Nianyi, 1949–1989 nian de Zhongguo [China in 1949–1989], Vol. 3: Da dongluan de niandai [Decade of great turmoil], Zhengzhou: Henan Renmin Chubanshe, 1988
- Wang Naiming, “Adhere to Active Defense and Modern People's War,” in Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare, Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1997, pp. 37–44
- 10.1355/cs21-1e · DOI
- Walt, Stephen M., Revolution and War, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996
- Renqiong, December 1993, Chairman Mao Refused to Be the Grand Marshal, Minzhu yu Fazhi, 8
- Smith, April 4, 2000, As Crimes Rise in China, Four Germans Are Killed, New York Times
- Shambaugh, David, “The Building of the Party-State in China, 1949–1965: Bringing the Soldier Back In,” in Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich, eds., New Perspectives on State Socialism in China, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997, pp. 125–50
- Shi Wei, “What Happened in Beijing?” in The June Turbulence in Beijing, Beijing: New Star Publishers, 1989, pp. 38–48
- Segal, Gerald, Defending China, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985
- “State Council Spokesman Yuan Mu Held a Press Conference,” in The June Turbulence in Beijing, Beijing: New Star Publishers, 1989, pp. 4–20
- Cunzhu, April 25, 1990, Persist in Performing Domestic Functions of the People's Army, JFJB, 35
- Smith, March 11, 2001, China Sends Its Army Money and Taiwan a Signal, New York Times
- Smith, 1974, Chinese Military Institutions in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, 1850–1860, Journal of Asian History, 8, 122
- Shi Wei, “Why Impose Martial Law in Beijing?” in The June Turbulence in Beijing, Beijing: New Star Publishers, 1989, pp. 21–37
- Smith, December 26, 2001, China's Efforts against Crime Make No Dent, New York Times
- Lary, Diana, Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers, 1911 –1937, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985
- Kim, Samuel S., “China and the World in Theory and Practice,” in Kim, ed., China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post Cold War Era, 3rd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994
- 10.2307/20045621 · DOI
- Guo Daohu, “Lun juyou Zhongguo tese sixing zhidu” [The distinguishing features of China's institution of the death penalty] in Mao Zedong sixiang faxue lilun lunwen xuan [Selected papers on Mao Zedong's thought concerning legal theory], Beijing Falu Chubanshe, 1985, pp. 122–34
- Renwei, 1997, Shilun Zhongguo zai shiji zhi jiao guoji huanjing zhongde shenceng ci maodun” [On China's deep contradictions in the international environment at the turn of the century], Shanghai Shehui Kexueyuan Xueshu Jikan, 1, 5
- Guocang, Fall 1989, The Events of Tiananmen Square, Orbis, 33, 487
- Cheung, January 17, 1991, Strong Arm of the Law, Far Eastern Economic Review, 17
- Hamrin, Carol Lee, “Elite Politics and Development of China's Foreign Relations,” in Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1994, pp. 70–109
- Gellman, June 21, 1998, U.S. and China Nearly Came to Blows in 1996, Washington Post
- “Decision on Certain Questions of Party History since the Founding of the People's Republic,” Xinhua, June 30, 1981, cited in FBIS-CHI, July 1, 1981
- Hu Changshui, “Zhongyang Junwei ‘Batiao mingling’ de chansheng” [Formulation of the “Eight Point Order” by the Central Military Commission], Zhonggong Dangshi Yanjiu [Research on history of the Chinese Communist Party], no. 6 (1991): 53–9
- Domes, Jurgen, China after the Cultural Revolution: Politics between Two Party Congresses, trans. Annette Berg and David Goodman, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1977
- McCord, Edward A., The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1993
- Jiquan, June 27, 1996, China Holds High Banner of Peace, Jiefangjun Bao
- Harrell, Stevan, “Introduction,” in Jonathan N. Lipman and Harrell, eds., Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counter Culture, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989
- Harding, Harry, Jr., “The Making of Chinese Military Policy,” in William W. Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 361–85
- Chen, King C., China's War with Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions, Implications, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987
- Forney, October 3, 1996, Patriot Games, Far Eastern Economic Review, 22
- Herspring, Dale R., and Ivan Volgyes, Civil-Military Relations in Communist Systems, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978
- Robinson, Thomas W., “China Confronts the Soviet Union: Warfare and Diplomacy on China's Inner Asian Frontiers,” in Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., Cambridge History of China, Vol. 15: The People's Republic, Part 2: Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 218–301
- Sheridan, James E., China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949, New York: Free Press, 1977
- Cheung, June 1996, The People's Armed Police: First Line of Defense, China Quarterly, 146, 535
- Gilley, Bruce, Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1998
- Im, Kaye Soon, “The Rise and Decline of the Eight Banner Garrisons in the Ch'ing Period (1644–1911): A Study of Kuang-chou, Hang-chou, and Ching-chou Garrisons,” Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1981
- Powell, Ralph, The Rise of Chinese Military Power, 1895–1912, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956
- Zhongfa 288, cited in Survey of China Mainland Press 4026 (September 22, 1967):1–2
- Forney, March 28, 1996, Man in the Middle, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14
- Yinhua, 1997, Shi lun Zhongguo xiandai sixiang wenhua de xing chaoji zhanlue qu … [On the form and strategic trend of modern thought culture in China], ZGJSKX, 38, 21
- Jencks, November 1989, The Losses in Tiananmen Square, Air Force Magazine, 72, 62
- Hsieh, Alice Langley, Chinese Strategy in the Nuclear Era, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1962
- Xu Xiangqian, Lishi de huigu [Reflections on history], Vol. 3, Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1987
- Ruan Ming, Deng Xiaoping: Chronicle of an Empire, trans. Nancy Liu, Peter Rand, and Lawrence R. Sullivan, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994
- Waldron, Arthur, From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924–1925, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
- Finer, S. E., The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, rev. ed., Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1975
- February 13, 1996, Document Cites Deng Remarks on Taiwan Blockade, Hong Kong Standard, 11
- Gilley, May 7, 1998, What's in a Name?: For China, an Offer It Thinks Taiwan Can't Refuse, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26
- Cheung, Tai Ming, “China's Entrepreneurial Army: The Structure, Activities, and Economic Returns of the Military Business Complex,” in C. Dennison Lane, Mark Weisenbloom, and Dimon Liu, eds., Chinese Military Modernization, New York and Washington, DC: Kegan Paul International and AEI Press, 1996, pp. 168–97
- Baum, Richard, “The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Anatomy of a Limited Rebellion,” in Thomas W. Robinson, ed., The Cultural Revolution in China, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1971, pp. 367–476
- Fairbank, John K., “Introduction,” in Frank A. Kierman, ed., Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974, pp. 1–26
- Johnson, Chalmers A., Autopsy on People's War, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1973
- Kristof, November 12, 1989, China Update: How the Hardliners Won, New York Times Magazine, 38
- Griffith, Samuel B., “Introduction,” in Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith, New York: Oxford University Press, 1963, pp. 1–38
- O'Brien, Anita M., “Military Academies in China, 1885–1915,” in Joshua A. Fogel and William T. Rowe, eds., Perspectives on a Changing China: Essays in Honor of Professor C. Martin Wilbur on the Occasion of His Retirement, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979
- Harding, Harry, Jr., ed., China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984
- Gilley, May 28, 1998, Operation Mind Games, Far Eastern Economic Review, 31
- Boorman, Scott A., “Deception in Chinese Strategy,” in William W. Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 313–37
- Li, 1997, Lun zhanlue wenhua” [On strategic culture], ZGJSKX, 1, 8
- Berger, Thomas U., “Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan,” in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 317–56
- Pollack, Jonathan, “Structure and Process in the Chinese Military System,” in Kenneth G. Lieberthal and David M. Lampton, eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision-Making in Post-Mao China, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1992, pp. 151–80
- Weiss, Lawrence S., “Storm around the Cradle: The Korean War and the Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949–1953,” Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1981
- Xin, June 1991, Liu san’ zhiye: shui kai qiang?” [The evening of June 3: Who fired?], Zhongguo zhi chun, 97, 6
- Robinson, Thomas W., and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1994
- Elmquist, Paul, “The Internal Role of the Military,” in William W. Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 269– 90
- Allen, Kenneth W., “PLAAF Modernization: An Assessment,” in James Lilley and Chuck Downs, eds., Crisis in the Taiwan Strait, Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1997, pp. 217–47
- Miller, May 10, 1999, Belgrade Bombing: Marchers Try to Break Down Consulate Door, South China Morning Post
- Mao Zedong, Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao [Mao Zedong's manuscripts since the founding of the Republic], Vol. 1: September 1949–December 1950, Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1987
- Cheng Hsiao-shih, Party–Military Relations in Taiwan and the PRC: The Paradoxes of Control, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990
- Scobell, 1991, The Death Penalty under Socialism: The Soviet Union, China, Cuba and the German Democratic Republic, 1917–1990, Criminal Justice History, 12, 189
- Barnett, A. Doak, The Making of Foreign Policy in China, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985
- Dreyer, Fall 1989, China after Tiananmen: The Role of the PLA, World Policy Journal, 4, 6
- Boorman, Scott A., The Protracted Game: The Wei-ch'i Model of Maoist Revolutionary Strategy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1969
- Smith, Richard J., China's Cultural Heritage: The Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644–1912, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 198
- Courtois, Stephane et al., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, and Repression, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999
- Ni, March 1, 1995, Jiang Zemin, Li Peng Sign Order on Expanding Police Forces…., Cheng Ming, 27
- Tiglao, December 24, 1998, Tis the Season, Far Eastern Economic Review, 18
- “AFP Highlights General Atmosphere in Beijing, Elsewhere,” Paris Agence France Presse in English, February 21, 1979, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service; Daily Report: China (hereafter FBIS-CHI), February 22, 1979, p. E2
- Chen, Jerome, ed., Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography, New York: Oxford University Press, 1970
- “Deng Discusses Asia with Indian Journalists,” Paris AFP in English, February 14, 1979, in FBIS-CHI, February 15, 1979, p. A7
- Forney, October 10, 1996, Ghosts of the Past, Far Eastern Economic Review, 24
- Gill, Summer 1999, China's Hollow Military, National Interest, 56, 55
- Lamley, Harry J., “Lineage Feuding in Southern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong under Qing Rule,” in Jonathan V. Lipman and Stevan Harrell, eds., Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counter Culture, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989, pp. 27–64
- Godwin, Paul H. B., “People's War Revised: Military Doctrine, Strategy and Operations,” in Charles D. Lovejoy, Jr., and Bruce W. Watson, eds., China's Military Reforms: International and Domestic Implications, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984, pp. 1–13
- Ross, Robert S., and Paul H. B. Godwin, “New Directions in Chinese Security Studies,” in David Shambaugh, ed., American Studies of Contemporary China, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993, pp. 138–60
- Tong-chou, July 24, 1998, Premier Promises to Increase Military Funding to Make Up for ‘Losses’ …, Sing Tao Jih Pao
- Betts, Winter 2000/01, China: Getting the Questions Right, National Interest, 62, 17
- March 18, 1967, Letter from the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to Revolutionary Workers and Staff and Revolutionary Cadres in Industrial and Mining Enterprises Throughout the Country, Peking Review, 13, 5
- Haotian, June 27, 1990, Create a New Situation in Which the Army Is Managed According to Law …, Jiefangjun Bao, 41
- Hui-wen, December 1, 1995, Communist China Meticulously Plans Simulated Offensive Exercises Targeted at Taiwan, Hsin Pao, 95
- Domes, Jurgen, Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985
- Mufson, December 8, 1999, In Panama, Ports in a Storm, Washington Post
- May 6, 1968, Order of the Military Commission of the CCP Central Committee” (April 6, 1967), Current Background, 852, 115
- Dreyer, September–October 1989, The People's Liberation Army and the Power Struggle of 1989, Problems of Communism, 38, 41
- Baum, May 28, 1998, Defense Dilemma, Far Eastern Economic Review, 33
- September 6, 1995, Liu Huaqing Refutes Argument That China Poses a Threat, Ta Kung Pao, 31
- Hunt, Michael H., The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996
- Garver, John W., “The PLA as an Interest Group in Chinese Foreign Policy,” in C. Dennison Lane, Mark Weisenbloom, and Dimon Liu, eds., Chinese Military Modernization, New York and Washington, DC: Kegan Paul International and AEI Press, 1996, pp. 246–81
- Liu, F. F., A Military History of Modern China, 1924–1949, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956
- Guillermaz, Jacques, “The Soldier,” in Dick Wilson, ed., Mao Zedong in the Scales of History, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977, pp. 117–43
- Thomas, March–April 1981, The Grammar and Logic of Conflict: Differing Conceptions of Statesmen and Soldiers, Air University Review, 32, 23
- Fogelson, Robert M., Big City Police, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977
- Zhao Quansheng, Interpreting China's Foreign Policy: A Micro-Macro Linkage Approach, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
- Chen Jian, China's Road to the Korean War, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994
- April 1–7, 1991, Looking Towards Modernization by the Mid-21st Century, Beijing Review, 24
- “State Council Official Comments on PRC Policy toward SRV,” cited in Hong Kong Agence France Presse in English, February 8, 1979, in FBIS-CHI, February 9, 1979, p. E1
- Faison, July 23, 1998, China's Chief Tells Army to Give Up Its Commerce, New York Times
- Chen, 1995, Zhongguo xiandai jubu zhanzheng lilun yu Meiguo youxian zhanzheng lilun zhi butong, ZGJSKX, 4, 43
- Nelson, Harvey “Regional and Paramilitary Ground Forces,” in William Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York Praeger, 1972, pp. 135–52
- Godwin, Paul H. B., “Soldiers and Statesmen: Chinese Defense and Foreign Policies in the 1990s,” in Samuel S. Kim, ed., China and the World: New Directions in Chinese Foreign Relations, 2nd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 181–202
- Dreyer, Edward L., “Military Continuities: The PLA and Imperial China,” in William W. Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 3–24
- 10.2307/2643025 · DOI
- Baum, March 21, 1996, Cross Purposes, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14
- October 10, 1991, Yang Shangkun's Speech, Renmin ribao
- Ross, Robert S., The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975–1979, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988
- Pomfret, July 23, 1998, Jiang Tells Army to End Trade Role, Washington Post
- Spector, Stanley, Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army: A Study in Nineteenth Century Regionalism, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1964
- Chanda, April 13, 1995, Fear of the Dragon, Far Eastern Economic Review
- Herman, Robert G., “Identity, Norms, and National Security: The Soviet Foreign Policy Revolution and the End of the Cold War,” in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 271–316
- Byrnes, Michael T., “The Death of a People's Army,” in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen, Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman Group, 1990, pp. 132–51
- Brandauer, Frederick P., “Violence and Buddhist Idealism in the Xiyou Novels,” in Jonathan N. Lipman and Stevan Harrell, eds., Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counter Culture, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989, pp. 115–48
- Lam, Willy Wo-Lap, The Era of Jiang Zemin, Singapore: Prentice Hall, 1999
- Li, August 5, 1998, International Military Strategy and China's Security at the Turn of the Century, Zhongguo Pinglun
- Bo Yibo, Ruogan zhongda juece yu shijian de huigu [Reflections on certain important decisions and events] Vol. 1, Beijing: Zhonggong Zhongyang Dangxiao Chubanshe, 1991
- Haotian, March 12, 1990, Why We Cracked Down, U.S. News and World Report, 54
- Leng, November 1, 1995, CPC to Conduct Missile Tests in Taiwan Strait: Jiang, Li, Qiao Sternly Warn against Taiwan Independence, Kuang Chiao Ching, 94
- “Jiang Zemin's Eight Point Proposal,” Beijing Xinhua Domestic, January 30, 1995, in FBIS-CHI, January 30, 1995, pp. 85–6
- 1996, Chinese Military Has Strong Desire to Attack Taiwan, Grass Roots Soldiers Also Send Petitions Asking for Battle Assignments, Tungfang Jihpao, 3, 41
- November 20, 1989, Li Peng Interview, Die Welt
- Thomas, September/October 1996, Chinese Realpolitik, Foreign Affairs, 75, 37
- Godwin, Paul H. B., “Soldiers and Statesmen in Conflict: Chinese Defense and Foreign Policies in the 1980s,” in Samuel S. Kim, ed., China and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy in the Post-Mao Era, 1st ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984
- Fisher, Richard D., Jr., “China's Missiles over the Taiwan Strait: A Political and Military Assessment,” in Lilley and Downs, eds., Crisis in the Taiwan Strait, pp. 167–216
- Joffe, December 7, 1970, The Chinese Army in the Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Intervention, Current Scene, VIII, 1
- “China's White Paper on National Defense,” Xinhua Beijing Domestic Service, July 27, 1998, in FBIS-CHI, July 28, 1998
- Bullard, Monte R., China's Political–Military Evolution: The Party and the Military in the PRC, 1960–1984, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985
- Zhenjiang, March 10, 1997, China's Defense Policy into the Twenty-First Century, Guofang Daxue xuebao, 1, 3
- Ta-hua, May 1996, A Preliminary Study of Chinese Communist Strategic Culture, Zhongguo Dalu Yanjiu, 39, 38
- Nelson, Harvey, The Chinese Military System: An Organizational Study of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977
- Hui-wen, December 22, 1995, CPC Specially Sets Up Headquarters to Plan Military Exercises Targeting Taiwan, Hsin Pao, 37
- Jencks, Harlan, “The Chinese People's Liberation Army: 1949–1989,” in David S. G. Goodman and Gerald Segal, eds., China at Forty: A Mid-Life Crisis, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1989
- Ch'i, Hsi-sheng, Warlord Politics in China, 1916–1928, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976
- Lee, Jong Sun, “Attitudes of Civilian and Military Leaders toward War Initiation: Application of Richard Betts' Analysis of American Cases to Other Countries,” Ph. D dissertation, Ohio State University, 1991
- Nathan, September–October 1989, Chinese Democracy in 1989: Continuity and Change, Problems of Communism, 38, 17
- Guangzheng, February 1983, Yingming de juece, weida de chengguo – lun kangMei yuanChao zhanzheng de chubing canzheng juece” [Brilliant policy decision, great achievements – on the policy decision to dispatch troops to fight the resist America, aid Korea war], Dangshi yanjiu, 1
- “Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense,” Beijing Xinhua Domestic Service in Chinese, March 18, 1997, cited in FBIS-CHI, March 24, 1997
- Bonavia, David, China's Warlords, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995
- Jiaquan, June 17, 1994, Where are the Chinese People's Feelings?, Renmin ribao
- “Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic,” adopted by the Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee, cited in Xinhua (Beijing), June 30, 1981, in FBIS-CHI, July 1, 1981
- Latham, Richard J., “China's Party–Army Relations after June 1989: A Case for Miles' Law?” in Richard H. Yang, Peter Kien-hong Yu, and Andrew N. Yang, eds., China's Military: The PLA in 1990/1991, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991
- Magnier, January 9, 2000, Chinese Military Still Embedded in the Economy, Los Angeles Times
- Godwin, Paul H. B., “Force and Diplomacy: Chinese Security in the Post–Cold War Era,” in Kim, ed., China and the World, 3rd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994
- Jencks, May–June 1986, Watching China's Military: A Personal View, Problems of Communism, XXV, 71
- Lam, March 20, 1996, Relentless Expansion’ of Army Power Viewed, South China Morning Post
- Wang Changyan and Cui Haiming, “Deng Xiaoping de junshi sixiang chutan” [Preliminary exploration of Deng Xiaoping's military thought], in Pan Shiying, ed., Dangdai Zhongguo junshi sixiang jingyao [Essence of contemporary Chinese military thinking], Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1992, pp. 92–135
- Mao Zedong, Selected Military Writings of Mao Tse-tung, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1967
- Peng Dehuai, Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal: The Autobiographical Notes of Peng Dehuai (1898–1974), trans. Zheng Longpu, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984
- Legge, James, ed. and trans., Confucius: The Analects, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1893; reprint New York: Dover Publications, 1971
- Heinlein, Joseph, “The Ground Forces,” in William W. Whitson, ed., The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 153–70
- Kowert, Paul, and Jeffrey Legro, “Norms, Identity, and Their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise,” in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 451–97
- 10.1177/002190969102600109 · DOI
- Jencks, Harlan, “Wild Speculations on the Military Balance in the Taiwan Strait,” in Lilley and Downs, eds., Crisis in the Taiwan Strait, pp. 136–66
- Li, July 28, 1998, This Century's Strategic Heritage and Next Century's Strategic Trend, Jiefangjun Bao
- Lam, March 12, 1996, Hardine Generals’ Takeover the Taiwan Affairs Office, South China Morning Post
- Villanueva, February 18, 1995, Senators Fear ‘Full-Blown’ War over Spratlys, Manila Standard
- Walder, Andrew G., Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1986
- Smith, 1978, The Reform of Military Education in Late Ch'ing China, 1842–1895, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 18, 15
- Li, 1996, Lun junshi zhanlue siwei” [On military strategic thinking], ZGJSKX, 2, 75
- Landis, Richard B., “Training and Indoctrination at the Whampoa Academy,” in F. Gilbert Chan and Thomas H. Etzold, eds., China in the 1920s: Nationalism and Revolution, New York: New Viewpoints, 1976, pp. 73–93
200 of 257 shown
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A cultural theory of international relations
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-2254 · Cited by 380
China, the United States, and Global Order
Foot, R., & Walter, A. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511782015 · Cited by 171
Power Shifts and Escalation: Explaining China's Use of Force in Territorial Disputes
Fravel, M. T. (2008) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.44 · Cited by 118
Fravel, M. T. (2010) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.00958.x · Cited by 89
The Rise and Fall of Political Orders
Lebow, R. N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108578820 · Cited by 84
Metadata
- Authors
- Scobell, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scobell, Andrew
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2003-09-08
- OpenAlex
- W24815253
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 243
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Military History and Strategy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Military and Defense Studies
- Keywords
- use of military force, Chinese strategic culture, People's Liberation Army, 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, Cultural Revolution, military doctrine, Chinese foreign policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review